Aims of the study: To assess secondary school students` knowledge about some selected micronutrients and compare between rural and urban school students regarding their knowledge. Subjects & Method: A descriptive cross-sectional research design was used. The present study was carried out in 8 schools in Assiut District. The sample consisted of 880 subjects: 440 students from rural schools and 440 from urban schools. Two tools were used: the Socio- economic scale developed by Abd El-Twaab (2004) and a self- administered questionnaire which was designed to assess students` knowledge about vitamin A, iron and iodine. Results: More than half of the rural students and more than two thirds of the urban students were aged 16 17 years. Females constituted 58% and 57.3% of the rural and urban students respectively. Less than half of the rural students and less than one third of the urban students had low social class. There were no statistically significant differences between rural students' total score of knowledge and their socio-demographic characteristics, also between urban students' knowledge and their social class. Conclusion: The majority of the rural and urban students from both sexes and all social classes had poor scores of knowledge about vitamins A, iron and iodine. Recommendations: A health education program should be conducted to educate students about micronutrients.

A rapid population growth is a burden on the resources of many developing countries. Unregulated fertility, which contributes to such situations, compromises the economic development and political stability of these countries. Contraceptive use is the lowest in Yemen where about 1 out of 5 married women of reproductive age use contraception and only about 1 out of 10 married women use a modern method. The study conducted to evaluate the impact of implementing an educational program of family planning upon Yemeni women at Sana'a City. The study was Quasi-experimental research design. It was conducted in Al-Sabeen Hospital and Al-Olofi Center for Childhood and Motherhood which included a sample of one hundred and forty women, divided equally into two groups: study group and control group (seventy for each group). It included three tools; tool one a social demographic data and women’ knowledge about family planning. Tool two women’ attitude toward birth control. Tool three educational program about family planning. More than half of the control group (57.1%) whose age was between 30 years and less than 40 years and (40%) of studied group and (45.7 %) of the control group had preparatory education. The number of pregnancies was more than two fifth (41.4%) of the study group had three or more times while (58.6%) about two third for the control group. Unwanted pregnancy represented (64.3% and 57.1% respectively) of both study and control group. Women' knowledge had a poor score on pretest, improved to good score on immediate post test, and remaining good score with slight decrease on follow up test. Their attitudes score were slight positive attitudes on pretest, but increased on immediate post test, and on follow up test. There was highly statistically significant difference between the women’ knowledge about FP in pre, immediate post test and follow-up. Also, there was a highly statistically significant difference between women’ attitude in pre and immediate post test and follow-up test. Family planning program should involve men as well as women, design and implement a strategy to ensure all primary health care clinics provide counseling on FP.

A rapid population growth is a burden on the resources of many developing countries. Unregulated fertility, which contributes to such situations, compromises the economic development and political stability of these countries. Contraceptive use is the lowest in Yemen where about 1 out of 5 married women of reproductive age use contraception and only about 1 out of 10 married women use a modern method. The study conducted to evaluate the impact of implementing an educational program of family planning upon Yemeni women at Sana'a City. The study was Quasi-experimental research design. It was conducted in Al-Sabeen Hospital and Al-Olofi Center for Childhood and Motherhood which included a sample of one hundred and forty women, divided equally into two groups: study group and control group (seventy for each group). It included three tools; tool one a social demographic data and women’ knowledge about family planning. Tool two women’ attitude toward birth control. Tool three educational program about family planning. More than half of the control group (57.1%) whose age was between 30 years and less than 40 years and (40%) of studied group and (45.7 %) of the control group had preparatory education. The number of pregnancies was more than two fifth (41.4%) of the study group had three or more times while (58.6%) about two third for the control group. Unwanted pregnancy represented (64.3% and 57.1% respectively) of both study and control group. Women' knowledge had a poor score on pretest, improved to good score on immediate post test, and remaining good score with slight decrease on follow up test. Their attitudes score were slight positive attitudes on pretest, but increased on immediate post test, and on follow up test. There was highly statistically significant difference between the women’ knowledge about FP in pre, immediate post test and follow-up. Also, there was a highly statistically significant difference between women’ attitude in pre and immediate post test and follow-up test. Family planning program should involve men as well as women, design and implement a strategy to ensure all primary health care clinics provide counseling on FP.

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Sleep disturbance are common in the general adult population, and as the population ages. Among several changes that occur with ageing, changes in sleep quality and quantity can be the most difficult for many older adults. The aim of this study was to improve elderly knowledge and practice related to sleep disturbance. The aim was to be reached through achievement of the following objectives: To assess elderly knowledge and practice concerning sleep disturbance; To develop and implement an educational training program about sleep disturbance and To evaluate the effect of educational training program on elderly knowledge and practice. A quasi-experimental design was used in carrying out this study, with pre-post assessment. This study carried out in outpatient clinics at Assiut University Hospital. It includes diabetes mellitus, chest, cardiac, cancer, hypertension, hepatitis viruses and physiotherapy clinics. The sample included 200 elderly patients suffering from sleep disturbance. An interview questionnaire sheet was developed by the researchers based on a review of relevant literature. It consists of three main parts: Part I: It includes items related to socio-demographic characteristics such as age, sex, educational level and marital status Part II: It includes items related to history of medical problems and information regarding sleep condition. Part III: program about exercise and sleep hygiene tips it include question about importance of exercise, technique of exercise and tips to improve sleep condition. Data was collected in a period of 6 months starting from January 2012 to the end of June 2012. Results: Two hundred adults aged ≥ 60 years with sleep disturbance mean age 63.17 SD ±3.9 years; 46% male & 54% female. The vast majority of the elderly had complained from coronary disease, diabetes, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. The majority of sample 87.5% had drinking tea before sleep and the minority 10.5% of them practice exercises also 40.0 % of them take antihypertensive drugs and only 8.5% of them take hypnotics drug. After the program they improved in sleep quality on the sleep latency period (p=0.04), sleep duration (p=0.001), and also had reductions in use of sleep medications (p=0.000). As regards to elderly knowledge about sleep hygiene tips it was found that there is statistical significance difference before and after program about sleep hygiene tips. Based on the findings of this study, it is concluded that the educational program which includes the moderate intensity physical exercise plus sleep hygiene education is effective in improving self reported sleep quality and quality of life in older adults with sleep disturbance. In The light of these results, it is recommended to that general approach to detecting sleep disorders in an ambulatory setting. Patient with sleep disturbance should be educated about good exercise, sleep hygiene, home ventilation, and balanced diet. It can be achieved through mass media, health classes in different health agencies.

Sleep disturbance are common in the general adult population, and as the population ages. Among several changes that occur with ageing, changes in sleep quality and quantity can be the most difficult for many older adults. The aim of this study was to improve elderly knowledge and practice related to sleep disturbance. The aim was to be reached through achievement of the following objectives: To assess elderly knowledge and practice concerning sleep disturbance; To develop and implement an educational training program about sleep disturbance and To evaluate the effect of educational training program on elderly knowledge and practice. A quasi-experimental design was used in carrying out this study, with pre-post assessment. This study carried out in outpatient clinics at Assiut University Hospital. It includes diabetes mellitus, chest, cardiac, cancer, hypertension, hepatitis viruses and physiotherapy clinics. The sample included 200 elderly patients suffering from sleep disturbance. An interview questionnaire sheet was developed by the researchers based on a review of relevant literature. It consists of three main parts: Part I: It includes items related to socio-demographic characteristics such as age, sex, educational level and marital status Part II: It includes items related to history of medical problems and information regarding sleep condition. Part III: program about exercise and sleep hygiene tips it include question about importance of exercise, technique of exercise and tips to improve sleep condition. Data was collected in a period of 6 months starting from January 2012 to the end of June 2012. Results: Two hundred adults aged ≥ 60 years with sleep disturbance mean age 63.17 SD ±3.9 years; 46% male & 54% female. The vast majority of the elderly had complained from coronary disease, diabetes, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. The majority of sample 87.5% had drinking tea before sleep and the minority 10.5% of them practice exercises also 40.0 % of them take antihypertensive drugs and only 8.5% of them take hypnotics drug. After the program they improved in sleep quality on the sleep latency period (p=0.04), sleep duration (p=0.001), and also had reductions in use of sleep medications (p=0.000). As regards to elderly knowledge about sleep hygiene tips it was found that there is statistical significance difference before and after program about sleep hygiene tips. Based on the findings of this study, it is concluded that the educational program which includes the moderate intensity physical exercise plus sleep hygiene education is effective in improving self reported sleep quality and quality of life in older adults with sleep disturbance. In The light of these results, it is recommended to that general approach to detecting sleep disorders in an ambulatory setting. Patient with sleep disturbance should be educated about good exercise, sleep hygiene, home ventilation, and balanced diet. It can be achieved through mass media, health classes in different health agencies.

Background: Breast cancer is a serious disease with potential high morbidity and mortality. It is the commonest malignancy in women. Approximately one million new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year wide world. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of breast self-examination training program on knowledge and practice of working women at secondary schools in Assiut and El Menia cities. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in four work places (4 schools) at Assuit and El-minia cities. The equivalent sample included in the study 104 of a group of working women. Three instruments were used for data collection the first tool included self-administrated questionnaire to assess socio-demographic data the second tool to assess knowledge level of the participants related to breast cancer and breast self examination information about cancer breast (pre & post test).Third tool included an observation checklist to assess the practice of the participants related to breast self examination. Two constructive BSE training sessions were carried out, in the form of lectures, group discussions demonstration and re-demonstration.

Background: Breast cancer is a serious disease with potential high morbidity and mortality. It is the commonest malignancy in women. Approximately one million new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year wide world. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of breast self-examination training program on knowledge and practice of working women at secondary schools in Assiut and El Menia cities. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in four work places (4 schools) at Assuit and El-minia cities. The equivalent sample included in the study 104 of a group of working women. Three instruments were used for data collection the first tool included self-administrated questionnaire to assess socio-demographic data the second tool to assess knowledge level of the participants related to breast cancer and breast self examination information about cancer breast (pre & post test).Third tool included an observation checklist to assess the practice of the participants related to breast self examination. Two constructive BSE training sessions were carried out, in the form of lectures, group discussions demonstration and re-demonstration.