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Abstract: Wuchereria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens are filarial nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles genera. Screening by vector dissection is a tiresome technique. We aimed to screen filarial parasites in their vectors by single and multiplex PCR and evaluate the usefulness of multiplex PCR as a rapid xenomonitoring and simultaneous differentiation tool, in area where 3 filarial parasites are coexisting. Female mosquitoes were collected from 7 localities in Assiut Governorate, were microscopically identified and divided into pools according to their species and collection site. Detection of W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens using single PCR was reached followed by multiplex PCR. Usefulness of multiplex PCR was evaluated by testing mosquito pools to know which genera and species are used by filarial parasites as a vector. An overall estimated rate of infection (ERI) in mosquitoes was 0.6%; the highest was Culex spp. (0.47%). W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens could be simultaneously and differentially detected in infected vectors by using multiplex PCR. Out of 100 mosquito pools, 8 were positive for W. bancrofti (ERI of 0.33%) and 3 pools each were positive for D. immitis and D. repens (ERI 0.12%). The technique showed 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity. El-Nikhila, El-Matiaa villages, and Sahel Seleem district in Assiut Governorate, Egypt are still endemic foci for filarial parasites. Multiplex PCR offers a reliable procedure for molecular xenomonitoring of filariasis within their respective vectors in endemic areas. Therefore, it is recommended for evaluation of mosquito infection after lymphatic filariasis eradication programs

Abstract: Wuchereria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens are filarial nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles genera. Screening by vector dissection is a tiresome technique. We aimed to screen filarial parasites in their vectors by single and multiplex PCR and evaluate the usefulness of multiplex PCR as a rapid xenomonitoring and simultaneous differentiation tool, in area where 3 filarial parasites are coexisting. Female mosquitoes were collected from 7 localities in Assiut Governorate, were microscopically identified and divided into pools according to their species and collection site. Detection of W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens using single PCR was reached followed by multiplex PCR. Usefulness of multiplex PCR was evaluated by testing mosquito pools to know which genera and species are used by filarial parasites as a vector. An overall estimated rate of infection (ERI) in mosquitoes was 0.6%; the highest was Culex spp. (0.47%). W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens could be simultaneously and differentially detected in infected vectors by using multiplex PCR. Out of 100 mosquito pools, 8 were positive for W. bancrofti (ERI of 0.33%) and 3 pools each were positive for D. immitis and D. repens (ERI 0.12%). The technique showed 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity. El-Nikhila, El-Matiaa villages, and Sahel Seleem district in Assiut Governorate, Egypt are still endemic foci for filarial parasites. Multiplex PCR offers a reliable procedure for molecular xenomonitoring of filariasis within their respective vectors in endemic areas. Therefore, it is recommended for evaluation of mosquito infection after lymphatic filariasis eradication programs

Abstract: Wuchereria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens are filarial nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles genera. Screening by vector dissection is a tiresome technique. We aimed to screen filarial parasites in their vectors by single and multiplex PCR and evaluate the usefulness of multiplex PCR as a rapid xenomonitoring and simultaneous differentiation tool, in area where 3 filarial parasites are coexisting. Female mosquitoes were collected from 7 localities in Assiut Governorate, were microscopically identified and divided into pools according to their species and collection site. Detection of W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens using single PCR was reached followed by multiplex PCR. Usefulness of multiplex PCR was evaluated by testing mosquito pools to know which genera and species are used by filarial parasites as a vector. An overall estimated rate of infection (ERI) in mosquitoes was 0.6%; the highest was Culex spp. (0.47%). W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens could be simultaneously and differentially detected in infected vectors by using multiplex PCR. Out of 100 mosquito pools, 8 were positive for W. bancrofti (ERI of 0.33%) and 3 pools each were positive for D. immitis and D. repens (ERI 0.12%). The technique showed 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity. El-Nikhila, El-Matiaa villages, and Sahel Seleem district in Assiut Governorate, Egypt are still endemic foci for filarial parasites. Multiplex PCR offers a reliable procedure for molecular xenomonitoring of filariasis within their respective vectors in endemic areas. Therefore, it is recommended for evaluation of mosquito infection after lymphatic filariasis eradication programs

Abstract: Wuchereria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens are filarial nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles genera. Screening by vector dissection is a tiresome technique. We aimed to screen filarial parasites in their vectors by single and multiplex PCR and evaluate the usefulness of multiplex PCR as a rapid xenomonitoring and simultaneous differentiation tool, in area where 3 filarial parasites are coexisting. Female mosquitoes were collected from 7 localities in Assiut Governorate, were microscopically identified and divided into pools according to their species and collection site. Detection of W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens using single PCR was reached followed by multiplex PCR. Usefulness of multiplex PCR was evaluated by testing mosquito pools to know which genera and species are used by filarial parasites as a vector. An overall estimated rate of infection (ERI) in mosquitoes was 0.6%; the highest was Culex spp. (0.47%). W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens could be simultaneously and differentially detected in infected vectors by using multiplex PCR. Out of 100 mosquito pools, 8 were positive for W. bancrofti (ERI of 0.33%) and 3 pools each were positive for D. immitis and D. repens (ERI 0.12%). The technique showed 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity. El-Nikhila, El-Matiaa villages, and Sahel Seleem district in Assiut Governorate, Egypt are still endemic foci for filarial parasites. Multiplex PCR offers a reliable procedure for molecular xenomonitoring of filariasis within their respective vectors in endemic areas. Therefore, it is recommended for evaluation of mosquito infection after lymphatic filariasis eradication programs

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Abstract: Recently, environmental pollution was introduced as a contributing factor in decreasing male fecundity via deterioration of semen quality. Our study aimed to compare serum and seminal plasma levels of lead and cadmium in rural versus urban infertile men from Assiut governorate and also, to detect the correlations of these heavy metals with conventional semen parameters and sperm vitality. Methodology Seventy five infertile male patients from rural areas and 84 from urban areas in Assiut governorate were included in the study. Lead and cadmium levels in serum and seminal plasma, conventional semen analysis and sperm vitality with hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS) were evaluated in all patients. Results: There was a significant increase in both serum and seminal concentrations of lead and cadmium among infertile men from urban areas in comparison to those from rural areas. No statistically significant difference could be detected in semen parameters between the 2 groups. There were significant negative correlations between serum and seminal concentrations of lead and cadmium on one hand and normal sperm morphology, progressive motility and vitality (HOS) percentages on the other hand. Conclusions: Infertile men from urban areas are more subject to hazardous environmental toxicants as heavy metals which may help in diagnosis of the unexplained male infertility and necessitates special attention in management of those subjects attending infertility clinics and belonging to urban areas.

Abstract: Recently, environmental pollution was introduced as a contributing factor in decreasing male fecundity via deterioration of semen quality. Our study aimed to compare serum and seminal plasma levels of lead and cadmium in rural versus urban infertile men from Assiut governorate and also, to detect the correlations of these heavy metals with conventional semen parameters and sperm vitality. Methodology Seventy five infertile male patients from rural areas and 84 from urban areas in Assiut governorate were included in the study. Lead and cadmium levels in serum and seminal plasma, conventional semen analysis and sperm vitality with hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS) were evaluated in all patients. Results: There was a significant increase in both serum and seminal concentrations of lead and cadmium among infertile men from urban areas in comparison to those from rural areas. No statistically significant difference could be detected in semen parameters between the 2 groups. There were significant negative correlations between serum and seminal concentrations of lead and cadmium on one hand and normal sperm morphology, progressive motility and vitality (HOS) percentages on the other hand. Conclusions: Infertile men from urban areas are more subject to hazardous environmental toxicants as heavy metals which may help in diagnosis of the unexplained male infertility and necessitates special attention in management of those subjects attending infertility clinics and belonging to urban areas.

Abstract: Recently, environmental pollution was introduced as a contributing factor in decreasing male fecundity via deterioration of semen quality. Our study aimed to compare serum and seminal plasma levels of lead and cadmium in rural versus urban infertile men from Assiut governorate and also, to detect the correlations of these heavy metals with conventional semen parameters and sperm vitality. Methodology Seventy five infertile male patients from rural areas and 84 from urban areas in Assiut governorate were included in the study. Lead and cadmium levels in serum and seminal plasma, conventional semen analysis and sperm vitality with hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS) were evaluated in all patients. Results: There was a significant increase in both serum and seminal concentrations of lead and cadmium among infertile men from urban areas in comparison to those from rural areas. No statistically significant difference could be detected in semen parameters between the 2 groups. There were significant negative correlations between serum and seminal concentrations of lead and cadmium on one hand and normal sperm morphology, progressive motility and vitality (HOS) percentages on the other hand. Conclusions: Infertile men from urban areas are more subject to hazardous environmental toxicants as heavy metals which may help in diagnosis of the unexplained male infertility and necessitates special attention in management of those subjects attending infertility clinics and belonging to urban areas.