Branching channel flow describes any side water withdrawals from rivers or main channels. Branching channels have widespread application in many practical projects, such as irrigation and drainage network systems, water and waste-water treatment plants, and many water resources projects. Therefore, in this research, a comprehensive analysis of laboratory data has been carried out to discover the best angle of branching. The study also aims to introduce simple, practical equations to help engineers of water resources to fix the percentage of discharge diverted to the branch channel. The study was carried out in the Irrigation and hydraulics laboratory of the civil department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University. The laboratory channel consisted of two parts, the main channel, and a branch channel. The main channel was 8.0 m in length, 20 cm wide, and 20 cm in depth. The division corner to the branch channel was sharp edged and located 5.0 m downstream of the main channel inlet. The branch channel was 3.0 m long, 20 cm in depth and its width was changed three times (10, 15, and 20 cm) respectively. A total of 84 runs were carried out. Investigations of the flow into the branching channel show that the branching discharge depends on many interlinked parameters. It increases with a decrease of the main channel flow velocity and the Froude number upstream of the branch channel junction. It also increases with an increase in the Yb / Yu ratio. In subcritical flow, water depth in the branch
channel is always lower than the main channel water depth. The flow diversion to the branch channel leads to a decrease in water depth downstream of the main channel. In addition, the study showed that the highest discharge rate was obtained when the angle of branching was equal to 45o and then an angle of 60o. While the lowest discharge rate was obtained at an angle of 90o. Furthermore, at Br = 1.0, using a branching angle equal to 45o the discharge ratio (Qr) increases from about 4.42 to 19.01%, more than that obtained with using the branching angle equal 90o, while the discharge ratio (Qr) increases from about 0.52 to 49.18% and 1.51 to 24.79%, at Br = 0.75, and Br = 0.5 respectively.

Whereas the irrigation water transmission open channel network in Egypt, is one of the largest and longest networks all over the world that dogged in permeable soil (about 33500 km in length). In a country that suffers greatly from an increasing shortage of limited available irrigation water quantities, ignoring the expected huge quantities of irrigation water losses through transport operations is a path of madness, to bridge the accelerated gap between what is required, and what is exist. Irrigation water conveyance losses include seepage, evaporation, and transpiration losses. Such losses are differentiated according to, type of soil, weather condition, and beneficiaries' traditions and behaviors. So, conducting field studies in various agricultural representative regions in Egypt, would be the most effective way for estimating the lost quantities of irrigation water all over the country through seepage, evaporation, and transportation basses. This way, decision-makers can use such acquired quantities for solving the problems of lack or non-arrival of irrigation water to the ends of some canals. In the present paper, the results of a field study carried out on one of the main irrigation canals in Assiut governorate in middle Egypt is introduced, as a case study represents the region of Middle Egypt area. The results of this field study in combination with similar studies conducted in various agricultural regions across Egypt, can provide the decision-makers with the needed documented data, on the basis of which, water resources can be managed at the state level in the way, that maximizes the return from the available limited water, for irrigation and contributes to solve some irrigation problems of the large deficit between the available and required of irrigation water. Almanna canal belongs to Abnoub Irrigation Engineering Administration in Assiut, was chosen to conduct the present field study as a representative open channel having specific properties from different technical points of view, soil type, weather condition, and the length with its off-taking canals. The used data in this research were collected from the field and through the official Ministry of water resources and irrigation authority in Assiut governorate. Results indicate that, the total loss of irrigation water from Almanna canal and its branches (79.90 Km length) reaches about 16.05 million cubic meters per month, which represent 23.90% of the actual discharges that give to the Almanna canal and its branches. The lost water through only seepage reaches about 15.95 million cubic meters per month, representing 99% of all lost irrigation water. While, the rate of increase in the evaporation losses at earthen sections more than the designed sections losses can be neglected. Thus, the lining of Almanna canal and its branches is the most effective solution for saving such a huge amount of water, and directed it to irrigate some newly reclaimed areas, in addition, to solve the problems of non-arrival of the irrigation water to the ends of some irrigation canals. At the same time, improving the environmental situation of the surrounding agricultural community.

In light of the current complex water situation in Egypt, scientists and researchers have to develop alternative plans to provide new quantities of water by paying attention to the constructions and tools that are used in distributing and controlling the flow in open channels. One of the most critical parameters in the analysis of diversion channel flow is the discharge ratio (Qr). It is the primary goal of this research to investigate the effect of changing the bed roughness of the main channel on the discharge of the branch channel (Qb). The bed roughness of the branch channel was kept constant (nb = 0.01), while for the main channel bed roughness was changed to five values (nm = 0.01, 0.016, 0.023, 0.033, and 0.04). The diversion angle of the branch channel was taken as (45˚), which gave a maximum (Qr) as recommended by some researchers. A discharge range from 4.88 to 17.14 L/sec was used, and 35 runs were conducted. From the analysis of the laboratory data, it was found that the discharge ratio (Qr) decreases as the total discharge through the main channel increases. While it increases with the increase of bed roughness ratios (nr). Moreover, at the bed roughness ratios (nr) ranged from 2.20 to 3.0, the difference in the discharge ratio (Qr) is no significant, for all discharge values passing through the main channel. Thus, maintaining a constant flow rate for the branched channel is considered one of the most essential factors in designing these channels, as it is vital in distributing water shares as percentages and in a consistent manner.

In Egypt, the Agriculture sector consumes about 85.90% of the total actual consumption of water. The irrigation canals network in Egypt at all levels suffer from water losses, distorted sections, and un-equitable distribution of irrigation water among beneficiaries. With population growth, expansion of economic and industrial activities and entry of Egypt into the stage of water poverty, rationalization of the consumption of irrigation water has become an urgent requirement and a key factor in achieving sustainable water development. Although crops may need different water quantities during their growth stages, irrigation canals are constantly supplied with almost the same monthly discharge during periods of peak or minimum requirements. The objective of this study is to activate a new approach for the reasonable management of the irrigation network for the study area. This approach allows the canals network to be supplied with monthly discharges consistent with the actual water consumption of the cultivated plant. Also, it helps in rationalizing consumption during the agricultural season. The new approach was applied to Almanna main canal and its branches which belong to the Assiut governorate in Egypt, as an example of the irrigation system in Egypt. Rotational distribution is practiced at the distributary canal level. The results indicated that applying the new approach on Almanna distributary canals can save a large amount of irrigation water that reaches about 19.375 Million cubic meters monthly, representing 48.68% of all irrigation water given to Almanna distributary canals. Also, the percentage value of the new discharges of Almanna distributary canals, which calculated according to the water needs of crops cultivated in the area, ranged between 32 and 67% of the designed discharges.

The compatibility between the used methods of lining for open
channels in permeable soils is the main indicator about the conservation
efficiency of irrigation water, which means minimizing the quantities of water
losses through the water transportation process. From this standpoint, and
within the framework of the national project for the rehabilitation of irrigation
canals in Egypt, which is implementing nowadays all over the villages of the
Egyptian countryside, this work presents a field study for one of those canals for
which the rehabilitation process is being implemented. The field study carried
out in one of the Middle Egypt villages in the western desert, El-Minia
governorate, to monitor the extent to which the lining being implemented with
the proposed method is compatible with the nature of the canal's area,
topography, soil types, groundwater levels, and so on. The case study that we are
about to present, is for Al- Khofoog canal which is about 6.730 km. long,
engraved in a very fine sandy soil to irrigate about 6000 feddans. It was chosen
due to the problems facing the implementing process, how to overcome and
introduce the most suitable engineering treatments which may more compatible
with the site properties and nature, supported by a quick economic feasibility
study. This field study, that was conducted in the Middle Egypt region, is
presented, hoping that it will be integrated with other similar studies to be
conducted in other regions, representing North and South Egypt, for leading to
develop a guideline, and a map includes the most appropriate rehabilitation
methods in each region, according to its nature, and characteristics in that
region in order to save effort, time, and money, maybe spent for implementing
an unsuitable method, regardless of the site's privacy, nature, and expected
problems.

In light of the national project for rehabilitation and the lining of the exposed irrigation canals which is currently under implementation all over Egypt, a field study is introduced to assess the technical, and environmental expected impacts that must be achieved in such a national project. In arid and semi-arid regions, with permeable soils like Egypt, water seeps significantly through the exposed canals cross-sections, in addition to the quantities lost by evaporation under high temperatures. Saving such tangible quantities of water became the most important goal that can be achieved to solve the problematic situation of irrigation water shortage that faces Egypt nowadays. This study is a field attempt to estimate the transmission losses in the El-Sont canal in Middle Egypt (Assuit Governorate) as a representative open channel for a specific type of soil, climate, topography, and beneficiary’s lifestyle. The produced and developed equations introduced and recommended by the most popular authors in this field were studied, summarized, and presented in a tabulated form to be easily used, and for comparison purposes. Using the recommended equations developed by the most popular reviewed researchers, the conveyance and transmission losses for the understudy El-Sont canal, and its off-taking canals were calculated and evaluated to be about 248628 m3/day, i.e., more than 39.54 Mm3/year. That big quantity of saved or recovered water can be used for reclamation and irrigation of about five thousand new acres in the nearby area. The study and the field trips, visits, and the personal direct communication with the farmers and beneficiaries proved that the project had responded to their hopes for an improved living standard, health, in addition to the environmental situation for all the Egyptian countryside.

In light of the world's current severe climatic changes, it has been observed that the frequency of flash floods and torrents is increasing at an accelerating rate in numerous areas, exposing civil infrastructure and property to significant damage and losses. Railways are one of the most essential components of the transportation sector's infrastructure, which is the prime engine for any development in all sectors. Recently, there have been many cases of torrents attacking some railway tracks in Egypt, especially in the east of the country, including the Qena-Safaga railway track, which is the main objective of this study to minimize the expected negative impacts. Torrents, or flash floods, are one of the most destructive natural hazards, especially in arid regions. Seasonally, these regions are exposed to heavy rains that cause serious flash floods with great negative impacts. In such conditions, the railway track needs maintenance, insurance, and protection against the risks of monsoon floods that hit those areas from time to time. The present study includes the most popular flash floods that attacked railway infrastructures all over the world and how they were protected, allowing them to successfully deal with these exceptional circumstances to maintain the integrity of the railway tracks and the efficiency of their performance. The study will present a classification of some previous flash floods that occurred in Egypt and some other places in the last few decades based on multiple criteria, including severity, lifetime, direction, impacts, and the types of harmful effects on infrastructure. The goal of the study is to introduce a practical manual and procedure for how to deal successfully with flash floods that may attack the under-study Qena-Safaga railway track.

Water diversion to bifurcating canals has been attracting interest from water engineering researchers for
decades. It can be described by the size of the separation zone in the intake channel and the quantity of
flow rate into the bifurcating channel based on the diversion angle. The present study is an attempt to
determine the optimum diversion angle of bifurcating channels that can achieve the minimum separation
zone size in the intake channel and maximum discharge in the bifurcating channel. The study’s objectives
were achieved by using the theoretical three-dimensional (3D) ANSYS 16 software to investigate the
diverted flow into bifurcating channels with different diversion angles (90, 75, 60, 45, 30, and 15-
degrees). Theoretical expected flow characteristics have been validated by experimental work.
According to the findings, the ANSYS 16 software is a good tool for calculating bifurcating channel flow
patterns. The final results proved that the 15-degree diversion angle has the optimum impact on the
diverted flow. In addition, it achieves a maximum flow rate in the bifurcating channel (about 8.1 L/s),
which represents nearly 49.4% of the main channel flow. It also provides a negligible separation zone with
respect to the other diversion angles of the bifurcating channel. As a result, the efficiency of distributing,
transporting, and controlling the limited amount of water available will improve.

Integrating with the national project of irrigation canal lining in the Egyptian countryside, the present
study is introduced. The study presents a technical comparison of differential equations that are usually
used for estimating the seeped water from the earthen irrigation canals. The quantities of irrigation water
that are lost due to seepage are great enough to decrease the wide gap between the needed and available
water quantities that Egypt seriously suffers from. So, the accurate estimation of the seeped water quantities
is very important. The study aims to select the suitable seepage equations for the Egyptian soil, climate,
and the currently used distributed irrigation system. It is also to assess the understudy network by
estimating the lost water quantities due to seepage by using the designed water sections’ dimensions and
comparing the results with those obtained using the existing field dimensions. In addition, to determining
the agricultural area that can be added to the current served area after preserving such great quantities.
From the Assiut countryside, the El-Sont canal and its network were chosen to be a case study. After
a careful technical reading of the seepage equations that researchers introduced previously, the closest
relationships to the case study were used. Results indicated that using the suggested relationship by
Nazir Ahmed and the Indian equation, gave the maximum seepage quantities for the entire El-Sont canal
network with about 21.5% of the total canal head discharge. Most of this lost water can be saved due to
the implementation of the national project for irrigation canal lining. This large amount of preserved
water can be used to irrigate 15% of the currently served area.

Dense multi-view image reconstruction has played an active role in research for a long time and interest has recently increased. Multi-view images can solve many problems and enhance the efficiency of many applications. This paper presents a more specific solution for reconstructing high-density light field (LF) images. We present this solution for images captured by Lytro Illum cameras to solve the implicit problem related to the discrepancy between angular and spatial resolution resulting from poor sensor resolution. We introduce the residual channel attention light field (RCA-LF) structure to solve different LF reconstruction tasks. In our approach, view images are grouped in one stack where epipolar information is available. We use 2D convolution layers to process and extract features from the stacked view images. Our method adopts the channel attention mechanism to learn the relation between different views and give higher weight to the most important features, restoring more texture details. Finally, experimental results indicate that the proposed model outperforms earlier state-of-the-art methods for visual and numerical evaluation.