Mobility as a Service (MaaS), as a part of the smart mobility paradigm, is recognized as one of the most effective solutions for the congestion management (CM) problem in cities. MaaS is a possible sustainable solution for transportation planning, promising the enhancement of traffic management and the lessening of congestion. MaaS can offer travelers access to several modes of transport without the need to own any vehicle, thereby presenting travelers with seamless and carefree traveling. This study aims to develop a methodological frame-work adapting MaaS as a supportive tool to alleviate traffic con-gestion. To support this mobility, the users and the drivers should be connected via a single platform based on an Artificial Intelligence algorithm (Reinforced Learning, for example). Such a strategy would optimize the mobility in the area as a whole over time by learning from actions/decisions such as: ride-sharing matching, taxi dispatching, in-route guiding, and the generation of inter-modal paths. That would help in providing solutions for real-time interaction. Decisions about departure times, paths to follow, and modes of travel would be available for all.

Railway transportation is an essential means of reducing traffic congestion, improving urban environmental conditions, and affecting people's social lives. These are some of the aims for which the Al Mashaaer train in Mecca Area was constructed for. However, high waiting times at the stations were noticed that affected pilgrims' service satisfaction levels. The proposed research addresses the problem of generating a plan for pilgrims' departure times to the Al Mashaaer train to achieve their best synchronization. It attempts to maximize the number of simultaneous arrivals of both the trains and pilgrims at the stations. The satisfaction of train users would be targeted by creating a detailed scheme for their departure times from the camps, which would minimize their waiting time at the stations. The whole problem would be formulated into the dynamic graph theory then an optimization technique would be developed for the solving stage.

Traffic flow data are a significant component of most intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Complete traffic flow data are required for most ITS applications, but providing traffic sensors in all network streets is not practical. Some flow types are difficult to observe directly, such as node pair demand (O/D flow). This study provides a mathematical analysis approach using a factorization scheme to convert conventional traffic assignment mapping into a useful format. The new mapping structure helps in identifying the amount of traffic-counting data (link flows) necessary to solve either the full observability problem for the network or a partial one. Once the required data are provided, the observability problem can be easily solved using backward substitution. In addition, the new format provides the dependencies of the different flow measures in the network. The proposed approach can track the change in the network observability state with the route choice uncertainty. Two fully reported illustrative examples in addition to a real case network are presented to demonstrate the generality of the proposed method and its potential contribution to the observability problem.

In terms of bearing lateral loads, a reinforced concrete shear wall (SW) is one of the most crucial structural elements in structures. Despite their significance, recent experimental research and post-earthquake surveys have exposed the inadequate safety margins of the SWs. Significant SW components cannot be accurately identified due to the absence of empirical and mechanistic models. This study introduces a novel paradigm for assessing the SW's crucial elements by using two consecutive modeling strategies. Initially, a finite element model is calibrated to mimic one of the laboratory-experimented SW structures. Then, deep residual neural networks (DRNNs) for non-parametric techniques are used to enhance the Abaqus software prediction skills and comprehensively understand the input parameters' influence on the selected SW structure's displacement value. The suggested DRNNs' design uses residual shortcuts (i.e., connections) that skip several levels in the deep network structure in order to address the issue of training with high accuracy. A thorough global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is done using the Latin Hypercube Simulation. Three distinct GSA techniques are used to emphasize the influence of each input variable on the amount of displacement in real-world applications while limiting the risk of result misinterpretation owing to interactions between input variables. In each GSA approach, an effort would be made to rank, filter, or map the input variables. The performance metrics of the DRNNs prediction models lend confidence to the GSA's results. The diameter of steel stirrups is reported to be the most significant component in the SW structure, while SW's displacement is more sensitive to higher and lower values of the lateral load domain.

During the last few decades, insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power modules have evolved as reliable and useful electronic parts due to the increasing relevance of power inverters in power infrastructure, reliability enhancement, and long-life operation. Excessive temperature stresses caused by excessive power losses frequently cause high-power-density IGBT modules to fail. As a result, module temperature monitoring techniques are critical in designing and selecting IGBT modules for high-power-density applications to guarantee that temperature stresses in the various module components remain within the rated values. In this paper, a module's different losses were estimated, a heating pipe system for the thermal power cycling technique was proposed, and finite element method (FEM) thermal modeling and module temperature measurement were performed using ANSYS Icepak software version 2022 R1 to determine whether the IGBT module's temperature rise was within acceptable bounds. To test the proposed technique, a proposed design structure of the practical railway application with a 3.3 MW traction inverter is introduced using commercialized IGBT modules from Semikron company with maximum temperature of about 150 • C. the FEM analysis results showed that the maximum junction temperature is about 109 • C which is in acceptable ranges, confirming the appropriate selection of the employed IGBT module for the target application.

This paper proposes a novel, degradation-sensitive, adaptive SST controller for cascode GaN-FETs. Unlike in traditional transformers, a semiconductor switch’s degradation and failure can compromise its robustness and integrity. It is vital to continuously monitor a switch’s health condition to adapt it to mission-critical applications. The current state-of-the-art degradation monitoring methods for power electronics systems are computationally intensive, have limited capacity to accurately identify the severity of degradation, and can be challenging to implement in real time. These methods primarily focus on conducting accelerated life testing (ALT) of individual switches and are not typically implemented for online monitoring. The proposed controller uses accelerated life testing (ALT)-based switch degradation mapping for degradation severity assessment. This controller intelligently derates the SST to (1) ensure robust operation over the SST’s lifetime and (2) achieve the optimal degradation-sensitive function. Additionally, a fast behavioral switch loss model for cascode GaN-FETs is used. This proposed fast model estimates the loss accurately without proprietary switch parasitic information. Finally, the proposed method is experimentally validated using a 5 kW cascode GaN-FET-based SST platform.

power quality is an essential consideration in design of the power supply in high power industrial applications. Thus, this paper covers the design of the different magnetic components, switching element selection considerations, and the voltage current controllers optimal design on the basis of small-signal stability modeling and an adequate stability criterion to enhance the high-power factor (PF), high efficiency and lower current distortions. The proposed converter contains two stages, the power factor correction (PFC) stage and the isolated phase-shift PWM zero-voltage switching (ZVS) DC-DC converter stage. The proposed two-stage converter's total harmonic distortions (THDs), voltage and current ripples, conversion efficiency, and PF performance are investigated using PSIM simulations under various operating conditions. This study designs an industrial 2000 W, 54 V telecom AC-DC supply with a PF of more than 99%, a THD of about 5 %, and conversion efficiency of around 93% at full load.

Power system disruptions can be categorized as issues with the quality of electricity brought on by voltage sags, lightning strikes, and other system-related interferences. The static transfer switch (STS) has recently emerged as the most important technology for electric power transmission, distribution, and control systems to manage power supply during power system disruption issues, particularly in cost-effectively supplying power to critical loads and sensitive loads without interruption. In this paper, for the switching between the two AC sources during the voltage disruptions issue with low transfer time, a smart static transfer switch (SSTS) based on a digital switching algorithm and Triac semiconductor switch is proposed and experimentally tested. A digital switching algorithm based on online AC voltage sensing and zero-crossing detection is proposed and implemented inside a DSP MCU. The printed circuit board (PCB) of the proposed SSTS is designed and manufactured for the experimental performance investigation with different AC input voltage conditions. A comparative study based on the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed SSTS system with the previous works is also presented. A smart static transfer switch with a transition time of less than one cycle and a digital protection technique during fault conditions is obtained in this work.

The power factor correction (PFC) converters built for telecom applications must meet certain standards in order to keep the total harmonics distortion (THD) at the specified low levels to reduce the current stresses, reduce the power losses and hence increase the converter efficiency and input power factor (PF). Thus, in this paper, the small-signal stability models of the telecom bridge and bridgeless PFC converters are derived and based on the derived stability models, the fast-dynamic response integral-proportional (IP) current control technique is proposed to improve the control loops performance around the current waveform zero-crossing point, reduce zero crossing distortion (ZCD), reduce the THD, and reaches the input current PF near to unity. The digital simulation modeling using PSIM software of the 2.5 kW bridge and bridgeless PFC converters is performed to show the converter's performance with the proposed current technique as compared with the conventional proportional-integral (PI) control technique. The proposed current controller in this work improves the current control loop performance, reduces the ZCD period, reduces the THD to about 5% and reaching converters input PF near unity in both bridge and bridgeless PFC converters.

In this paper, a two-stage AC-AC power supply is designed to specifically handle the operation and performance improvements of the power system with highly inductive loads. The proposed power supply scheme includes an input interleaved power factor correction (PFC) stage to improve the input power factor (PF) and regulate the DC bus voltage required for the second stage, which is a voltage source inverter (VSI) with an output low pass filter to adjust the load harmonics contents and regulate the load voltage and frequency to the specified AC load values. The small-signal models of the PFC and VSI stages are obtained, and optimal voltage and current control loops for both stages are designed based on the obtained models to improve the required system power performance and stability. PSIM simulation is used to examine the performance of the proposed power supply under various input-output operation conditions. This work achieves a 500VA, (180-260)V RMS Power supply with an input PF of 99%, better output voltage regulation, and a lower THD value for the purpose of supplying industrial inductive loads.