The increasing value of land and the limited availability of suitable sites for construction are greatly encouraging engineers to consider in situ improvement of weak soil deposits. To economically develop marginal sites a number of ground improvement techniques have been developed as stone columns, jet grouting, compaction grouting, short pile, dynamic compaction, lime stabilization etc. Stone column treatment is one of the most promising and favourable ground improvement techniques widely practiced all over the world. This paper presents a critical review of analytical, experimental, numerical and field studies on the aspect of ordinary and encased stone columns which have been published in the past three decades. Focus is on the recent advancement of encasing these columns with geosynthetic products to enhance their performance in load bearing capacity, decreasing the compressibility, accelerating and reducing the consolidation settlement. Another advantage of encasement is to prevent excessive bulging, squeezing of stone into soft soil. This paper presents installation methods, failure modes of stone columns and brief review of previous researches.

The increasing value of land and the limited availability of suitable sites for construction are greatly encouraging engineers to consider in situ improvement of weak soil deposits. To economically develop marginal sites a number of ground improvement techniques have been developed as stone columns, jet grouting, compaction grouting, short pile, dynamic compaction, lime stabilization etc. Stone column treatment is one of the most promising and favourable ground improvement techniques widely practiced all over the world. This paper presents a critical review of analytical, experimental, numerical and field studies on the aspect of ordinary and encased stone columns which have been published in the past three decades. Focus is on the recent advancement of encasing these columns with geosynthetic products to enhance their performance in load bearing capacity, decreasing the compressibility, accelerating and reducing the consolidation settlement. Another advantage of encasement is to prevent excessive bulging, squeezing of stone into soft soil. This paper presents installation methods, failure modes of stone columns and brief review of previous researches.

The increasing value of land and the limited availability of suitable sites for construction are greatly encouraging engineers to consider in situ improvement of weak soil deposits. To economically develop marginal sites a number of ground improvement techniques have been developed as stone columns, jet grouting, compaction grouting, short pile, dynamic compaction, lime stabilization etc. Stone column treatment is one of the most promising and favourable ground improvement techniques widely practiced all over the world. This paper presents a critical review of analytical, experimental, numerical and field studies on the aspect of ordinary and encased stone columns which have been published in the past three decades. Focus is on the recent advancement of encasing these columns with geosynthetic products to enhance their performance in load bearing capacity, decreasing the compressibility, accelerating and reducing the consolidation settlement. Another advantage of encasement is to prevent excessive bulging, squeezing of stone into soft soil. This paper presents installation methods, failure modes of stone columns and brief review of previous researches.

The increasing value of land and the limited availability of suitable sites for construction are greatly encouraging engineers to consider in situ improvement of weak soil deposits. To economically develop marginal sites a number of ground improvement techniques have been developed as stone columns, jet grouting, compaction grouting, short pile, dynamic compaction, lime stabilization etc. Stone column treatment is one of the most promising and favourable ground improvement techniques widely practiced all over the world. This paper presents a critical review of analytical, experimental, numerical and field studies on the aspect of ordinary and encased stone columns which have been published in the past three decades. Focus is on the recent advancement of encasing these columns with geosynthetic products to enhance their performance in load bearing capacity, decreasing the compressibility, accelerating and reducing the consolidation settlement. Another advantage of encasement is to prevent excessive bulging, squeezing of stone into soft soil. This paper presents installation methods, failure modes of stone columns and brief review of previous researches.

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n industrial processes, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is widely spread and it is used frequently to evaluate the environmental impact of products and processes. Buildings however are special products that differ thoroughly from these mostly controlled processes. In the building material industry, such a study is therefore on the average much more complex. Accordingly, the present study is concerned with the application of LCA principles to quantify carbon emissions from residential building materials in Egypt. Two types of building models are considered in the study; residential vernacular and modern buildings. A comparison between the two types concerning their building materials from Cradle to Site stages is presented by using DesignBuilder program. The paper illustrates the effectiveness of each material in reducing carbon emissions. The study results show that; the building materials of vernacular building can achieve 78.68% reduction of carbon emissions compared with the modern buildings. Therefore, it is recommended to establish a code for carbon emissions from LCA of modern buildings. This can be easily achieved within the framework of industrial-academic collaboration.

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