يهدف البحث إلى إلقاء الضوء على العوامل التي أدت إلى انخفاض الإنتاج من اللحوم الحمراء، والوقوف على أهم العوامل الاقتصادية و التي تؤثر على الإنتاج ، وكذلك العوامل التي تؤثر على الاستهلاك من اللحوم الحمراء وكذلك دراسة التقلبات الحادثة فى الأسعار الشهرية وتقدير الموسمية . وقد انتهى البحث إلى العديد من النتائج لعل من أهمها ما يلى: 1- أن كمية الاستهلاك من اللحوم الحمراء قدر ازدادت بشكل ملحوظ من عام 2005 وحتى 2012, وهذا أدي بالتبعية إلي زيادة حجم الفجوة بين الإنتاج والاستهلاك . 2- ان أهم المتغيرات المؤثرة على أنتاج اللحوم الحمراء هى كمية الأعلاف الجافة المصنعة وقيمة القروض الموجهة للثروة الحيوانية . 3- أهم المتغيرات المؤثرة على متوسط استهلاك الفرد من اللحوم الحمراء وهي متوسط سعر التجزئة الحقيقي للحوم الحمراء، ومتوسط سعر اللحوم البيضاء (الدواجن ). 4- هناك زيادة ملحوظة في نهاية الفترة عند بدايتها في كل من الأسعار سالفة الذكر, وقد ثبتت معنوية هذه الزيادة 5- نتائج دراسة تقلبات وموسمية الأسعار الشهرية: - تبين عدم وجود تقلبات سعرية حادة فى أسعار بيع اللحوم الحمراء الجاموسى البتلو مع عدم ثبوت معنوية التأثير الموسمي لأشهر السنة علي الأسعار باستثناء شهري يناير وفبراير. - وجود خلل في تقلبات الأسعار حول المتوسط فى أسعار اللحوم الجاموسى والبقرى كندوز ، وعدم ثبوت معنوية التأثير الموسمي لأشهر السنة علي الأسعار باستثناء شهر فبراير. - عدم وجود تقلبات سعرية حادة فى أسعار بيع اللحوم الحمراء الضان ، عدم ثبوت معنوية التأثير الموسمي لأشهر السنة علي الأسعار وبناء على ما تقدم فان الدراسة توصى بضرورة زيادة الناتج المحلى من اللحوم الحمراء وذلك لسد الفجوة المتزايدة من خلال زيادة الاستثمارات و قروض الثرة الحيوانية، مع إيجاد مصادر علفية غير تقليدية للحفاظ على مستويات الأسعار من التقلبات الحادة، وإجراء المزيد من الدراسات الميدانية المتخصصة فى مجال إنتاج واستهلاك اللحوم الحمراء ، لإمداد متخذ القرار بالنتائج للاستفادة بها عند رسم السياسات المستقبلية.

يهدف البحث إلى إلقاء الضوء على العوامل التي أدت إلى انخفاض الإنتاج من اللحوم الحمراء، والوقوف على أهم العوامل الاقتصادية و التي تؤثر على الإنتاج ، وكذلك العوامل التي تؤثر على الاستهلاك من اللحوم الحمراء وكذلك دراسة التقلبات الحادثة فى الأسعار الشهرية وتقدير الموسمية . وقد انتهى البحث إلى العديد من النتائج لعل من أهمها ما يلى: 1- أن كمية الاستهلاك من اللحوم الحمراء قدر ازدادت بشكل ملحوظ من عام 2005 وحتى 2012, وهذا أدي بالتبعية إلي زيادة حجم الفجوة بين الإنتاج والاستهلاك . 2- ان أهم المتغيرات المؤثرة على أنتاج اللحوم الحمراء هى كمية الأعلاف الجافة المصنعة وقيمة القروض الموجهة للثروة الحيوانية . 3- أهم المتغيرات المؤثرة على متوسط استهلاك الفرد من اللحوم الحمراء وهي متوسط سعر التجزئة الحقيقي للحوم الحمراء، ومتوسط سعر اللحوم البيضاء (الدواجن ). 4- هناك زيادة ملحوظة في نهاية الفترة عند بدايتها في كل من الأسعار سالفة الذكر, وقد ثبتت معنوية هذه الزيادة 5- نتائج دراسة تقلبات وموسمية الأسعار الشهرية: - تبين عدم وجود تقلبات سعرية حادة فى أسعار بيع اللحوم الحمراء الجاموسى البتلو مع عدم ثبوت معنوية التأثير الموسمي لأشهر السنة علي الأسعار باستثناء شهري يناير وفبراير. - وجود خلل في تقلبات الأسعار حول المتوسط فى أسعار اللحوم الجاموسى والبقرى كندوز ، وعدم ثبوت معنوية التأثير الموسمي لأشهر السنة علي الأسعار باستثناء شهر فبراير. - عدم وجود تقلبات سعرية حادة فى أسعار بيع اللحوم الحمراء الضان ، عدم ثبوت معنوية التأثير الموسمي لأشهر السنة علي الأسعار وبناء على ما تقدم فان الدراسة توصى بضرورة زيادة الناتج المحلى من اللحوم الحمراء وذلك لسد الفجوة المتزايدة من خلال زيادة الاستثمارات و قروض الثرة الحيوانية، مع إيجاد مصادر علفية غير تقليدية للحفاظ على مستويات الأسعار من التقلبات الحادة، وإجراء المزيد من الدراسات الميدانية المتخصصة فى مجال إنتاج واستهلاك اللحوم الحمراء ، لإمداد متخذ القرار بالنتائج للاستفادة بها عند رسم السياسات المستقبلية.

Ruellia simplex plant is grown for its aesthetic features including flowers, leaves and overall foliage appearance. The fig wax scale Ceroplastes rusci L. (Homoptra: Coccidae) was detected for the first time in Egypt on R. simplex. Mineral oil, diazinon, thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole, and essential oils extracted from both Acorus calamus and Petroselinum crispum were compared for their ability to control the insect. Results indicated that reduction percentage increased gradually until day 7 after the treatment regarding adults, nymphs and their total. The maximum efficacy of the mineral oil, thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole, respectively, was noticed after 21 days, followed by A. calamus. Efficacy of P. crispum oil and diazinon reached more than 86% after 21 days and more than 90% after 28 days. At 28 days, A. calamus reached its maximum efficacy. Plants treated with thiamethxam+ chlorantraniliprole were the tallest plants and possessed significantly higher number of branches and leaves, and leaf pigments followed by those treated with mineral oil or A. calamus. A. calamus and thiamethxam+ chlorantraniliprole were proved as promising compounds tested for the first time in controlling C. rusci.

Ruellia simplex plant is grown for its aesthetic features including flowers, leaves and overall foliage appearance. The fig wax scale Ceroplastes rusci L. (Homoptra: Coccidae) was detected for the first time in Egypt on R. simplex. Mineral oil, diazinon, thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole, and essential oils extracted from both Acorus calamus and Petroselinum crispum were compared for their ability to control the insect. Results indicated that reduction percentage increased gradually until day 7 after the treatment regarding adults, nymphs and their total. The maximum efficacy of the mineral oil, thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole, respectively, was noticed after 21 days, followed by A. calamus. Efficacy of P. crispum oil and diazinon reached more than 86% after 21 days and more than 90% after 28 days. At 28 days, A. calamus reached its maximum efficacy. Plants treated with thiamethxam+ chlorantraniliprole were the tallest plants and possessed significantly higher number of branches and leaves, and leaf pigments followed by those treated with mineral oil or A. calamus. A. calamus and thiamethxam+ chlorantraniliprole were proved as promising compounds tested for the first time in controlling C. rusci.

Ruellia simplex plant is grown for its aesthetic features including flowers, leaves and overall foliage appearance. The fig wax scale Ceroplastes rusci L. (Homoptra: Coccidae) was detected for the first time in Egypt on R. simplex. Mineral oil, diazinon, thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole, and essential oils extracted from both Acorus calamus and Petroselinum crispum were compared for their ability to control the insect. Results indicated that reduction percentage increased gradually until day 7 after the treatment regarding adults, nymphs and their total. The maximum efficacy of the mineral oil, thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole, respectively, was noticed after 21 days, followed by A. calamus. Efficacy of P. crispum oil and diazinon reached more than 86% after 21 days and more than 90% after 28 days. At 28 days, A. calamus reached its maximum efficacy. Plants treated with thiamethxam+ chlorantraniliprole were the tallest plants and possessed significantly higher number of branches and leaves, and leaf pigments followed by those treated with mineral oil or A. calamus. A. calamus and thiamethxam+ chlorantraniliprole were proved as promising compounds tested for the first time in controlling C. rusci.

Clean-up of contaminated soils is a costly and slow process that requires long periods of time to be effective. Therefore direct use of contaminated sites with appropriate management is often likely to be a more efficient use of such land. Consequently, the production of safe animal forages from contaminated soils was the aim of this research. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the growth and elemental composition of river saltbush (Atriplex amnicola) grown on a metal-contaminated soil. The soil was amended with compost at rates of 0,15 and 30 t/ha to assess its role on plant growth and metal uptake. Compost application significantly (P0.05) increased biomass yield, crude protein (CP) and ash content of river saltbush; in contrast, it decreased the Zn and Pb concentrations in shoot tissues. When 30 t/ha of compost was added, the Pb concentrations in the stems and leaves decreased by 32 and 38% respectively. Despite the large total and extractable contest of metals in the studied soil, shoot concentrations of these metals in A. amnicala were always maintained below poteatially toxic levels. The biomass material of A. amnicala had a high nutritive value compared to conventional forage crops and could safely be used as animal forage. This work demonatrates that an Atriplex spp. A.amnicala, has significant potential for use as a safe forage crops in the sustainable on-site management of contaminated soils

Clean-up of contaminated soils is a costly and slow process that requires long periods of time to be effective. Therefore direct use of contaminated sites with appropriate management is often likely to be a more efficient use of such land. Consequently, the production of safe animal forages from contaminated soils was the aim of this research. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the growth and elemental composition of river saltbush (Atriplex amnicola) grown on a metal-contaminated soil. The soil was amended with compost at rates of 0,15 and 30 t/ha to assess its role on plant growth and metal uptake. Compost application significantly (P0.05) increased biomass yield, crude protein (CP) and ash content of river saltbush; in contrast, it decreased the Zn and Pb concentrations in shoot tissues. When 30 t/ha of compost was added, the Pb concentrations in the stems and leaves decreased by 32 and 38% respectively. Despite the large total and extractable contest of metals in the studied soil, shoot concentrations of these metals in A. amnicala were always maintained below poteatially toxic levels. The biomass material of A. amnicala had a high nutritive value compared to conventional forage crops and could safely be used as animal forage. This work demonatrates that an Atriplex spp. A.amnicala, has significant potential for use as a safe forage crops in the sustainable on-site management of contaminated soils

There is little information available about the impact of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on the uptake of metals by Atriplex plants. A series of pots experiments were conducted to define the metals uptake response of four Atriplex species to urea (U) and superphosphate (SP) fertilization. The studied Atriplex species were river saltbush (A. amnicola), wavy saltbush (A. undulata), quail saltbush (A. lentiformis), and old man saltbush (A. nummularia). The growth and metals uptake of Atriplex species were significantly (P0.05) affected by the fertilizer treatments. U reduced the soil pH by 10% compared to the control. SP reduced the availability of Zn, Pb, and Cd by 24, 16, and 28% compared to the control. U increased the shoots Zn and Pb by 16 and 20% compared to SP. The combined application of U+SP reduced the Zn and Pb concentrations in the shoots by 10 and 13% compared to U alone. U increased the root-to-shoot transfer of Zn and Pb by about 30 and 49%. Root phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) limit the translocation of metals to the Atriplex shoots and this may be by the precipitation of the metals in the roots. The study clearly showed that it is feasible to apply P fertilizer to alleviate root-to-shoot transfer of Zn and Pb. Moreover, pure N application should be avoided to minimize the occurrence of high levels of Zn and Pb in the Atriplex shoots.

There is little information available about the impact of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on the uptake of metals by Atriplex plants. A series of pots experiments were conducted to define the metals uptake response of four Atriplex species to urea (U) and superphosphate (SP) fertilization. The studied Atriplex species were river saltbush (A. amnicola), wavy saltbush (A. undulata), quail saltbush (A. lentiformis), and old man saltbush (A. nummularia). The growth and metals uptake of Atriplex species were significantly (P0.05) affected by the fertilizer treatments. U reduced the soil pH by 10% compared to the control. SP reduced the availability of Zn, Pb, and Cd by 24, 16, and 28% compared to the control. U increased the shoots Zn and Pb by 16 and 20% compared to SP. The combined application of U+SP reduced the Zn and Pb concentrations in the shoots by 10 and 13% compared to U alone. U increased the root-to-shoot transfer of Zn and Pb by about 30 and 49%. Root phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) limit the translocation of metals to the Atriplex shoots and this may be by the precipitation of the metals in the roots. The study clearly showed that it is feasible to apply P fertilizer to alleviate root-to-shoot transfer of Zn and Pb. Moreover, pure N application should be avoided to minimize the occurrence of high levels of Zn and Pb in the Atriplex shoots.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for the higher plants and has low mobility and availability in soils. Good fertilization management for this nutrient may be lead to increasing its availability. A field experiment in a split plot design was conducted out during the 2003 and 2004 summer growing seasons to study the effect of frequency of P fertigation and different forms of P fertilizers on uptake of P by corn plant as well as yield production. The high frequency of P fertigation increased P uptake significantly (p 0.05) by 12 and 19% in the first and second season respectively. Phosphoric acids (PA) followed by urea phosphate (UP) gave the highest significant biological yield (25.67 and 24.5 ton/ ha). From the results of this study, it may be recommended that in sandy calcareous soils P must be added every three days using acid forms.