اجريت هذه التجربة في مزرعة الخضر بكلية الزراعة جامعة أسيوط لموسمين متتاليين (2019/2020 و 2020/2021) لدراسة تأثير ثلاثة مواعيد زراعة مختلفة (1 نوفمبر ، 1 ديسمبر ، 1 يناير) على النمو الخضري والمحصول والجودة في أربعة تراكيب وراثية من السبانخ (Dash F1 hybrid ، SCO-017 F1 hybrid ، Green Shine F1 hybrid ، والصنف البلدي المحلي)

أظهر التحليل الإحصائي للبيانات وجود تفاعل معنوي بين أربعة طرز وراثية وثلاثة مواعيد زراعة. تم الحصول على أطول نبات وأعلى عدد من الأوراق لكل نبات وأعلى وزن نباتي طازج فى الهجينين Dash F1 hybrid ،  SCO-017 F1 hybrid عند الزراعة في الميعاد الأول (1 نوفمبر) في الموسم الأول والثاني على التوالي

قد تكون هذه النتائج بسبب الطقس الملائم للزراعة فى الميعاد الأول (1 نوفمبر) وتكييف هذه الهجن F1 مع تلك الظروف. وبالتالي، يمكن استنتاج أن Dash F1 hybrid ينمو بشكل أفضل في الزراعات المبكرة (الزراعة الخريفية / 1 نوفمبر) ويتأثر نموه بشكل كبير في الزراعات المتأخرة (الزراعة الشتوية / 1 يناير).

Toxic elements (TEs) are generally less available in alkaline soils as considerable portions of TEs are precipitated with carbonates/hydroxides or presented in metal–organic complexes. However, intensive anthropogenic activity, the high total concentration of TEs, geochemical behavior of some TEs (e.g., Mo and V), and soil dynamic redox conditions could dramatically increase the TE bioavailability and risks in alkaline soils. This chapter introduces the potential of biochar to immobilize TEs in alkaline soils. It highlights the different factors that affect the adsorption capacity of biochar for TEs in alkaline soils. The possible mechanisms of TEs immobilization process and the development in biochar production and modification methods that could enhance the immobilization capacity of biochar for TEs in alkaline soils are also discussed.

The vision of this study is to find a way for increasing phosphorus release from bone char. An incubation experiment was conducted to study the effect of co-applying different nitrogen fertilizer types with bone char (BC) on the availability and distribution of phosphorus in calcium carbonate-rich soil. The experiment contains the following treatments: soil without any nitrogen fertilizer (BC only), soil + ammonium sulfate (BC + AS), soil + ammonium nitrate (BC + AN), and soil + urea (BC+U). Bone char was added to all treatments at a dose of 4 g kg-1 soil. Co-applying bone char with all nitrogen fertilizers caused a significant decrease in pH and increased significantly phosphorus availability in the soil. The concentrations of soil available phosphorus increased from 8.05 mg kg-1 soil for BC treatment to 8.99, 8.90, and 10.16 mg kg-1 soil for BC + AS, BC + AN, and BC + U treatments, respectively, at the end of incubation. Significant increases in soil available phosphorus were observed with increasing incubation periods in all treatments. The effectiveness of the treatments on the soil available phosphorus increase was in the order of BC + U > BC + AS > BC + AN > BC. Nitrogen fertilization treatments significantly increased the NaHCO 3-Pi concentrations compared to the BC treatment. Urea application to the soil increased significantly the NaOH-Pi fraction compared to other treatments at day 10 of incubation. Changes in HCl-Pi and Res-P fractions were non-significant in all treatments under nitrogen fertilization. According to the findings, co-applying bone char with nitrogen fertilizers is an agronomic practice that improves phosphorus availability in calcium carbonate-rich soil, thence it is preferable to add urea rather than other nitrogen fertilizers. This study explores a sustainable management strategy to find cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to phosphate fertilizers.
 

Several chemical properties of alkaline soils play an important role in dissolving phosphate minerals, which greatly affect the phosphorous availability to plants. The current study was carried out to assess bone char application on the availability and distribution of phosphorus in some alkaline sandy soils. This incubation experiment was performed by selecting some alkaline soils from different locations in Upper Egypt: Arab El-Awamer (Assiut Governorate), West El-Minia (El-Minia governorate), and New Valley Governorate. Bone char was applied at a dose of 4 g kg-1 soil. The incubation periods lasted for 7, 16, 35, 65, and 84 days. Phosphorus availability in Arab El-Awamer soil increased significantly with applying bone char and was greatly influenced by soil chemical properties and incubation periods. Bone char addition caused a relative increase of available phosphorous in the sequence as follows: Arab El-Awamer soil ˃ New Valley soil ˃ West El-Minia soil. Available phosphorous showed a negative correlation with electrical conductivity, soluble calcium, and soluble sulfate. A significant increase of NH4Cl-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi, NaOH-Pi, HCl-Pi, and residual P fractions occurred in some soils with bone char application. Phosphorus fractions distribution in all soils followed: HCl-P ˃ residual P ˃ NaHCO3-P ˃ NaOH-P ˃ NH 4Cl-P. The correlation between phosphorus availability and phosphorus fractions was positive. Our results focus on the importance of using bone char as an amendment in P-poor alkaline soils for improving phosphorus availability. So, bone char is an effective technique for sustainable agriculture because it is a clean and renewable resource of phosphate fertilizers.
 

A field study was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Assiut University, Egypt during 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 to evaluate the potency of carfentrazone (CARF) alone and four new premixes of carfentrazone + dicamba (CARF+DICA), carfentrazone + tribenuron (CARF+TRIB), carfentrazone + fenoxaprop (CARF + FENO), and carfentrazone + fenoxaprop + tralkoxydim (CARF + FENO + TRAL), on broadleaved weed and its influence on the productivity of winter wheat. Wheat fields were infested with different annual broad-leaved weeds during the study years and Rumex dentatus L., Chenopodium album L., and Beta vulgaris L. were the dominant weed species. All herbicide treatments performed a high efficacy against broadleaved weeds in wheat fields 30 days after herbicide treatments (DAHT) in both years. All tested herbicides achieved 95.24– 96.30% and 84.92–96.65% in controlling broad-leaved weeds and significantly reduced fresh weed biomass by 99.14–99.87% and 98.20– 99.68% in the first and second year, respectively, compared with control. CARF+DICA caused severe injury to the flag leaves of wheat and performed alteration in spike and spikelet form that resulted in a significant reduction in grain yield by 47.37 and 16.28%, in the first and second year compared to the control, respectively. CARF+DICA should not be used to control weeds in wheat cultivar 'Sids 14'. Other tested herbicides caused a slightly visible injury on the leaves of wheat in the first days after application but the injury disappeared after 28 DAHT, without any effect on crop yield. All herbicides except CARF+DICA resulted in significantly higher biological yield and grain yield than the control and CARF+DICA. CARF+FENO and CARF+FENO+TRAL resulted in the highest biological yield and grain yield in both years followed by CARF+TRIB (in 2020– 2021) and CARF (in 2019–2020) compared to the control. All herbicides except CARF+DICA are considered new promising options for the control of broad-leaved weeds in common wheat in the Upper Egypt region.

Weeds are amongst the major serious agricultural pests of faba bean 
(Vicia faba  L.) production in Egypt and should be controlled. Clethodim is the 
only post-emergence herbicide registered for grass weed control in faba beans  in 
Egypt. Two field separate experiments were conducted at Assiut University farm 
in  two  different  locations  in  2021-2022.  The  first  field  experiment  aimed  to 
evaluate  the  efficacy  of  some  lipid–inhibitor  herbicides  (clethodim  24%, 
clethodim  12%,  clethodim  +  haloxyfop  22.6%,  diclofop-methyl  36%, 
fenoxaprop-p-ethyl  7.5%,  quizalofop-p-ethyl  5%,  and  thiobencarb  50%)  and 
hand hoeing treatments for controlling the grass weed,  Phalaris minor  Retz in 
faba bean. The second field experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of bentazon 
48% herbicide on broad-leaf weeds in faba bean.  Phalaris minor  was the only 
grass  weed  presented  in  the  first  experimental  field,  while  Beta  vulgaris  L., 
Cichorium  pumilum  Jacq.  and  Ammi  majus  L.  were  the  dominant  broadleaf 
weeds in the second experimental field. In the first experiment, all selected lipid–
inhibitor herbicides except fenoxaprop provided 89.49–98.58% in controlling P. 
minor  compared with the weedy control at 62 days after crop sowing. Among all 
lipid–inhibitors, clethodim 24%, thiobencarb 50%, diclofop-methyl 36%, and 
clethodim + haloxyfop 22.6% performed the highest increment (82.81–86.57%) 
in  faba  bean  yield  versus  control.  In  the  second  experiment,  bentazon  48% 
provided excellent efficiency against broadleaf weeds with weed reduction of up 
to 95% and increased faba bean yield by 69.54% compared with the control at 
68  days  after  crop  sowing.  In  the  current  scenario,  the  grass  herbicides 
(clethodim  24%,  thiobencarb  50%,  diclofop-methyl  36%,  and  clethodim  + 
haloxyfop 22.6%) and a broadleaf herbicide (bentazon 48%) can be used as a 
promising chemical herbicide option for the control of weeds in faba bean  cv.
Giza 843 in Upper Egypt.