This study aimed to employ GC–MS to assess the chemical composition of MeOH leaf extracts of R. officinalis and A. indica and evaluate their insecticidal, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. Twelve components, representing 98.61% and 100% of the total volatile compounds, were deduced from the extracted R. officinalis and A. indica, respectively, using this method. In R. officinalis extract, limonene is typically positioned as the main component (23.03%), while the main chemicals identified in A. indica extract were methyl (E)-octadec-13-enoate (23.20%) and (2R)-1,3,8-trimethyl-4-propyl-5-ethyl-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-methoxycardonylethyl-6-methylenecarbonyl-porphyrin (23.03%). Both extracts of R. officinalis and A. indica exhibited different toxicity against the stored grain pest T. castaneum, with LC₅₀ values of 1.470 and 2.588 mg/ml, respectively. Additionally, after 4 and 5 h of treatment at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, the A. indica extract showed the highest levels of repellent action (81.4% and 93.4%), and the R. officinalis extract showed a good repellent rate (64.9% and 80.7%) against T. castenum larvae. With an IC₅₀ value of 35.83 and 28.68 mg/L and a radical scavenging activity percentage of 67.76% and 72.35%, the leaf extract was found to be the most potent plant extract when tested for DPPH antioxidant activity. Overall results showed that MeOH extracts of R. officinalis and A. indica were more effective against S. aureus than E. coli. To determine how the investigated chemicals attach to the active sites of E. coli DNA gyrase A and S. aureus undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase, docking studies were carried out. The consensus score analysis showed that limonene exhibits the best binding energy with both enzymes in docking analysis and more stability in molecular dynamics simulations. The RMSD was obtained at 20.6 and 4.199 (Kcal/mole). The two compounds were successfully used in molecular dynamics simulation research to generate stable complexes with DNA gyrase A.

The olive tree Olea europaea L. is attacked by numerous pests that
affect yield quality and quantity. Oleander scales, Aspidiotus nerii Bouché
(Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is considered one of the most important pests in
plantation and reclamation areas in Egypt. Herein, under olive field
conditions, two seasons of study (2017-2018 and 2018-2019) were
undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of some nano-insecticide formulations
of three neonicotinoid insecticides (acetamiprid, dinotefuran and
thiamethoxam) in comparison with their conventional formulations against
A. nerii. The foliar application of nanoformulations at the recommended rate
(1X) of acetamiprid induced the highest average reduction percentage of A.
nerii (100%) and more efficacy than dinotefuran (83.28%) and
thiamethoxam (82.73%). Whereas thiamethoxam as (½ X) caused a highest
average reduction percentage (100%) compared with acetamiprid (64.61%)
and dinotefuran (82.50%). Plus, acetamiprid and thiamethoxam as (¼X)
caused the highest average reduction percentage (80.07 and 85.72%)
compared with dinotefuran (73.07%). Results indicated that all of nano
formulations at (1X, ½X and ¼X) recommended rate were caused a high
average reduction percentage compared with the conventional formulation
(1X) which was (87.66, 81.11 and 60.88%) respectively. Furthermore, the
efficacy and remaining effects of these nano formulations continued up to
21 days after treatment against A. nerii. The results of this study may
strongly suggest the use of nano-neonicotinoid insecticide formulations in
the application of the olive scale IPM pest program, but caution should be
exercised with regard to the possible side effects of such formulations on
other aspects of the environment