Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major foodborne zoonotic pathogen worldwide. In the current study, Various NTS strains were isolated from (cows, milk and dairy products in addition to humans) in New Valley and Assiut Governorate, Egypt. NTS were firstly serotyped and tested by antibiotic sensitivity test. Secondly, some virulence genes and Antibiotic resistance genes have been identified by using PCR. Finally, Phylogenesis was performed depending on the invA gene, for two S. typhimurium isolates (one of animal origin and the other of human origin for evaluating zoonotic potential).
Results
Out of 800 examined samples, the total number of isolates was 87 (10.88%), which were classified into 13 serotypes, with the most prevalent being S. Typhimurium and S. enteritidis. Both bovine and human isolates showed the highest resistance to clindamycin and streptomycin, with 90.80% of the tested
The specific arrangement and distribution of photoreceptors in the retina can vary among different fish species, with each species exhibiting adaptations related to its habitat, behavior, and visual requirements. Poecilia sphenops, a diurnal fish, was the focus of this study. The retinas of a total of eighteen Molly fish were investigated utilizing light and electron microscopy. The retina exhibited a square mosaic pattern of the inner segments of cones. This pattern comprised double cones positioned along the sides of a square, with two types of single cones situated at the center and corners of the square arrangement across the entire retina. The corner cones were slightly shorter than the central ones. Additionally, the outer plexiform layer contained both cone pedicles and rod spherules. The rod spherule consisted of a single synaptic ribbon arranged in a triad or quadrat junctional arrangement within the invaginating free ends of the horizontal and bipolar cell processes. On the other hand, cone pedicles have more than one synaptic ribbon in their junctional complex. The inner nuclear layer consisted of the amacrine, bipolar, Müller, and horizontal cell bodies. Müller cell processes, expressing GFAP, extended across all retinal layers, segmenting the deeper retina into alternating fascicles of optic axons and ganglion cells. The outer and inner plexiform layers showed many astrocyte cell processes expressing GFAP. In conclusion, the current study is the first record of the retinal structures of Molly fish. This study illustrated the mosaic arrangement of photoreceptors and GFAP expression patterns of astrocytes and Müller cells. The presence of three cone types, coupled with a sufficient number of rods, likely facilitates motion awareness for tasks like finding food and performing elaborate mating ceremonies.
The structure of photoreceptors (PR) and the arrangement of neurons in the retina of
red-tail shark were investigated using light and electron microscopy. The PR showed
a mosaic arrangement and included double cones, single cones (SC), and single rods.
Most cones occur as SC. The ratio between the number of cones and rods was
3:1.39 (±0.29). The rods were tall that reached the pigmented epithelium. The outer
plexiform layer (OPL) showed a complex synaptic connection between the horizontal
and photoreceptor terminals that were surrounded by Müller cell processes. Electron
microscopy showed that the OPL possessed both cone pedicles and rod spherules.
Each rod spherule consisted of a single synaptic ribbon within the invaginating terminal endings of the horizontal cell (hc) processes. In contrast, the cone pedicles possessed many synaptic ribbons within their junctional complexes. The inner nuclear
layer consisted of bipolar, amacrine, Müller cells, and hc. Müller cells possessed intermediate filaments and cell processes that can reach the outer limiting membrane and
form connections with each other by desmosomes. The ganglion cells were large multipolar cells with a spherical nucleus and Nissl’ bodies in their cytoplasm. The presence of different types of cones arranged in a mosaic pattern in the retina of this
species favors the spatial resolution of visual objects.
The epididymis, a key component of the male reproductive system, controls spermatozoa's maturation, fertility, and storage. The objective of this study is to evaluate the histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical variations in the epididymis of donkeys that occur throughout the year. During the breeding season (spring) and nonbreeding seasons (summer, autumn, and winter), 20 epididymis were collected from adult, clinically healthy donkeys. Compared to non-breeding seasons, the epididymal duct displayed a more active lining epithelium and more sperm in the lumen during the breeding season. The epithelial height is the lowest and the lumen is the widest during the breeding season. Furthermore, the epididymal epithelium in the tail region exhibits undulations with polyps-like projections. The epididymal epithelium is composed mainly of the principal, basal, and dark cells. Tight junction between adjacent principal cells is more obvious in the breeding season as compared to the non-breeding seasons. However, intraepithelial lymphocytes, phagocytic, and other immune cells are more frequent in non-breeding seasons. β-catenin, which is a component of the adherent junctions between adjacent PCs, exhibits more immunoreactivity during the spring. On the other hand, iNOS, an indicator of oxidative stress, reacts positively during the summer. Additionally, during non-breeding seasons, autophagy was detected within the epididymal epithelium which may be linked to stress adaptation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the epididymal epithelium are more active during spring compared to other seasons of the year.
Catalysis stands as a cornerstone in chemical synthesis, pivotal in advancing sustainable manufacturing pathways. The evolution from energy-intensive to sustainable catalytic processes has marked a transformative shift, notably exemplified by low-energy catalytic methods. These processes, operating under milder conditions and emphasizing selectivity and recyclability, represent the forefront of sustainable chemistry. This review navigates through an array of low-energy chemical reactions, highlighting their diverse applications and culminating in exploration of recent strides within low-energy catalytic processes. For example, the review explores the uses of low-energy catalytic processes in applications such as enzyme mimicking, biodiesel production, carbon dioxide capture, and organic synthesis. Additionally, it covers enzymatic catalysis and photocatalysis for carbon dioxide transformations, energy applications, and water treatment. Notably, the review emphasizes the low-energy catalytic capabilities of single-atom catalysis (SAC) and diatomic catalysts (DACs), recognizing their exceptional performance in catalyzing reactions at minimal activation energies while maintaining high efficiency and selectivity under mild conditions. By elucidating the modulation of electronic structure and offering a microelectronic perspective, the review aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the catalytic activity of SAC and DACs. Emphasizing the interplay between coordination chemistry principles and catalytic efficacy, the review elucidates the indispensable role of coordination complexes in fortifying the sustainability of these processes. By spotlighting the fusion of coordination chemistry with catalysis, this review aims to underscore their collective influence in shaping the landscape of sustainable chemical production.
