Neonatal calf diarrhea is a major source of economic loss to the cattle industry and the leading cause of calf mortality in the United States. Oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are routinely administered to dehydrated calves with diarrhea, and it is widely accepted that OES should contain an alkalinizing agent such as bicarbonate; acetate, propionate, or citrate. We hypothesized that administration of bicarbonate-containing OES induced a sustained abomasal alkalinization in dairy calves, relative to suckling milk replacer or acetate-containing OES. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the effect of suckling 3 commercially available OES on abomasal luminal pH, and to compare the effect of the 3 OES on luminal pH with that produced by suckling milk replacer. Six male dairy calves (aged 12-31 days of age) with cannulae in the abomasal body were administered the following treatments (60 ml/kg body weight, twice, 12 h apart) in a randomized crossover design: all milk protein milk replacer, two hyperosmotic bicarbonate-containing OES (ENTROLYTE-HE©; BIOLYTE(R), and an isoosmotic acetate-containing OES (ELECTYDRAL©). Abomasal luminal pH was measured every second for 24 h using a miniature glass pH electrode. Data were expressed as least square means for the 24 h recording period, and a P value 0.05 was considered significant. Suckling of milk replacer rapidly increased mean abomasal luminal pH from 1.3 to 5.8, followed by a gradual decrease to preprandial values by 8 h (mean 24 h pH = 3.22). Suckling bicarbonate-containing OES caused a large and sustained increase in abomasal pH from 1.3 to 7.5; mean 24 h pH was 4.09 for ENTROLYTE-HER and 3.47 for BIOLYTE©, both values were higher than that for milk replacer. Luminal pH returned to preprandial values by 5 h for ENTROLYTE-HER and by 4 h for BIOLYTE©. In contrast, suckling the acetate¬containing OES induced only a mild and transient increase in abomasal pH (mean 24 h pH = 2.11) that was lower that that caused by suckling milk replacer. Luminal pH returned to preprandial values by 3 h for the acetate-containing OES. We conclude that suckling bicarbon ate-contain ing OES results in sustained abomasal alkalinization. Because maintaining a high abomasal luminal pH may facilitate growth of bacterial diarrhea pathogens, administration of bicarbonate-containing OES may increase the severity, duration, and mortality rate of bacterial diarrhea in calves. Based on their effects on abomasal luminal pH, acetate-containing OES are preferred to bicarbonate-containing OES when treating dehydrated calves with diarrhea.

Neoplastic diseases of the donkey are rarely documen¬ted in present literature. The four cases described in this article were selected from a large number of oncologic cases in this species and represent common presentati¬ons and treatments. In all the four donkeys described here, the tumors were occluding body orifices. Histo¬pathological examination revealed a fibroma in two ca¬ses, a fibromyxoma in one case, and a fibropapilloma in another case. Surgical treatment is described.

In a total of 50 Egyptian water buffaloes, a Hof¬lund-syndrome (Functional Gastric Stenosis, Vagus-Indige¬stion) was diagnosed by clinical and surgical examination. The animals were classified as follows by primary cause and clinical accompanying symptoms: traumatic reticuloperitoni¬tis (16 cases), diaphragmatic hernia (10 cases), diffuse perito¬nitis (three cases), parareticular abscesses (5 cases), omasal impaction (7 cases), abomasum impaction (three cases), peri¬carditis (3 cases), one case of multiple liver abscesses and two cases with idiopathic or unknown cause. Clinical symptoms varied according to the dominating signs of the disease com¬plex. In general sick animals showed a bloating of the left flank at the right ventral abdominal wall, increased fre¬quency of rumen contractions with decreased intensity, rare and soft feces, signs of pain on percussion of the reticular re¬gion, bradycardia, marked loss of appetite and decrease of milk yield. In a small number of patients a decreased or ab¬sent motility of the rumen was observed. Rectal examination revealed an 1-shaped, extended rumen which was caudally displaced reaching up to the entrance of the pelvis. Explora¬tive laparotomy and rumenotomy revealed a dilated rumen with foamy, mixed contents consisting of small particles. Analysis of acid-base-balance showed a metabolic alkalosis. Characteristic findings of hematologic examination were leukocytosis with neutrophilia and lymphocytosis, respec¬tively.

The current study was carried out on 60 head specimens of donkeys in addition to five living animals. Specimens and animal's heads were radiographed. Radiographs were grouped from 1 day up to 15 years of age. Recorded data included the following points: 1)Time of radiographic appearance and different developmental stages of deciduous and permanent cheek teeth. 2)Length of deciduous cheek teeth from birth to shedding. 3)Length of permanent cheek teeth from birth to senility. 4)Body and root length from age 5 up to 15 years of age. 5)Wolf teeth: occurrence, time of eruption and shedding. All results were documented and illustrated in tables and photographs.

The visceral skeleton is extremely variable in animals. It consists of bones that are developed in the soft tissues of the body. Among the domestic animals only a few species possess a visceral skeleton. The bones generally conceded to belong to the visceral skeleton are the os cordis and os penis. The os rostri of the pig is open to question as it is apparently derived from the nasal septum (Bone, 1979). Os cordis located around the origin of the aorta and pulmonary artery at the base of the heart in all members of the bovine family. Os penis is located within the penis in all members of dog family (canidae), members of the mink family (mustellidae) and some rodent species (rodentia) as seal, walruses and raccoons (Miller, 1962 and Bone, 1979). The aim of the present work is to study the os penis from the surgical point of view concerning its shape, length, width, relation to penile urethra and its radiographic appearance in mature dogs.

The aim of the present study is to throw a light on different tail affections in some domestic animals. Anury, Brachyury, wry tail and luxation were among the recorded congenital affections of the tail. The acquired affections recorded in different animals include, necrosis, wounds, fractures, short tail, abscesses, tumours and fistulae.

The aim of the present work is to study some morphoanatomic and radiographic features of the tail in some domestic animals. The number of caudal vertebrae was stated in each animal. A 9cm length at the and of the tail was free from caudal vertebrae in bovine.

The conjunctiva covering both surfaces of the third eyelid of camel is highly folded but it is less folded in buffalo and donkey. The ample conjunctiva covering the third eyelid of camel aids in grasping of the third eyelid flap to treat cases of corneal affection. Camel has a reserve portion of palpebral conjunctiva covering numerous sebaceous glands. Lymphocytic infiltration was observed subconjunctivally on both surfaces of the third eyelid of buffalo. On the contrary, in donkey and camel, the bulbar surface has lymph nodules but the palpebral surface has lymphocytic infiltration. The gland of the third eyelid is thicker in camel followed by buffalo but it is thin in donkey. This gland opens by 2-4 ducts in donkey, 2 ducts in buffalo on the bulbar surface of the third eyelid. In camel, the duct system opens on the bulbar and palpebral surfaces by ¬large and small ducts.

Many ocular diseases have been described in different domestic animals. This article specifically reviews one thousand clinical cases of ocular affections recorded during the last 20 years in some farm animals. The aim is to shed light on symptoms, diagnosis, possible treatment of these ocular and adnexal diseases. The most common ocular affections recorded in cattle, buffalo and sheep were subconjunctival abscesses, prolapse of the nictitans gland, conjunctivitis, keratitis, hyphaema, cataract, and some congenital diseases such as microphthalmia, anophthalmia and corneo-conjunctival dermoids. In donkeys, the most common affections were lacrimal sac histoplasmosis, eyelid lacerations, conjunctivitis, keratitis, cataract, lens luxation, ocular neoplasms and proptosis of the globe. Most of these affections were liable to treatment either medically or surgically. Few cases had a bad prognosis due to long term occurrence of the disease.

This work was carried out on 6 newly born calves and 9 adult clinically healthy cows. All radiographs were evaluated for the degree of ossification of the- tuber calcanei which firstly developed in a distoplantar direction then in a proximodorsal direction. The complete fusion of the tuber calcanei takes place at the age of 40 months. Using Bioscane optimus program, different measurements of the tuber calcanei and the calcaneus proper were estimated. The obtained data were tabulated and illustrated by two curves. From the anatomical point of view the structure of the tarsus is complex, and according to GREENOUGH, MACCALLUM and WEAVER (1972), the bovine tarsus is a region of clinical importance, as the tarsal joint is second only to the stifle joint in most appendicular arthritis. The tarsus of cow includes five tarsal bones, the largest one being the calcaneus which is enlarged at its proximal end to form the Tuber Calcanei or the point of hock as stated by GETTY (1975). The available references which contain information on the development and fusion time of the tuber calcanei in different animals are MACCALLUM, et al. (1978), SMALLWOOD et al. (1984) in horse and TICER (1975) in dog & cat but these references demand the informations on the development and 'fusion of the Tuber Calcanei in cow. The primary objective of this study was to give an accurate determination of fusion time and development of the Tuber Calcanei which is necessary to prevent confusion of fractures with the radiolucent physis.