Simple Summary:Sarcoptic mange is an important zoonotic parasite affecting camel production.Mange zoonosis in camels is complicated by scarcity of available data. One of the main strategies fordisease control is early detection of the parasite combined with prevention/control of the major riskfactors associated with the infection. The present study focused on the prevalence of sarcoptic mangein camels from Egypt together with a histopathological examination of the parasite and association ofthe major risk factors, to describe the epidemiological pattern of the disease. Our data demonstratethat 47.6% of the camels harbored sarcoptic mange infections. In addition, the animals exhibitedobvious clinical signs of mange and numerous histopathological findings that are consistent withsarcoptic mange. The camel’s age, gender and sampling season were found to be the most significantrisk factors associated with the disease. Taken together, our epidemiological and histopathologicaldata are consistent with sarcoptic mange being widespread among camels in the studied area.Our study suggests further research is needed for management of this zoonotic disease in Egypt.Abstract:Mange has been considered one of the most common parasitic infestations among camels.It adversely impacts animal productivity and poses a risk to human health. Given the scarcity ofavailable data about mange in camels, the current study focused on the prevalence of camel mange andits associated risk factors in Aswan Governorate, Egypt. Towards this end, a general visual inspectionwas conducted on camels (N=210) in different markets and slaughterhouses in Aswan Governorate

(PDF) Epidemiological and Histopathological Investigation of Sarcoptic Mange in Camels in Egypt. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343844625_Epidemiological_and_… [accessed Sep 02 2020].Skin scrapings from suspect infected camels were also examined microscopically. Importantly,these findings were further checked and confirmed by histopathology on samples from suspectedcases collected post-slaughter in abattoirs. The possible risk-associated factors, which include thecamel’s age, sex and sampling season, were recorded and statistically analyzed. Interestingly, thedata showed that a total of 100 camels (47.6%) were found exclusively infested by sarcoptic mange.Furthermore, the predominant histopathological changes included burrowing tunnel of mites in theskin, hyperkeratosis and acanthosisconsis of the epidermis, while the dermis showed hemorrhage,mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration around the blood vessels and perifolliculitis. These majorhistopathological findings are consistent with sarcoptic mange. Furthermore, the statistical analysisof the possible associated risk factors, camel’s age (p=0.006), gender (p=0.032) and sampling season(p=0.004), were all found to be significantly affected and related to the disease. In this regard, camels≥2 years old were found at higher risk of infection (odds ratio (OR)=2.75; 95% confidence interval(CI), 1.345 to 5.604) versus younger animals (OR=0.36; 95 CI, 0.1784 to 0.743). Females had higherodds of exposure (OR=2.02; 95% CI, 1.096 to 3.708) compared to males (OR=0.50; 95% CI, 0.269to 0.912). Moreover, the exposure to infection was reported higher in winter (OR=2.30; 95% CI,1.297 to 4.098) than in summer (OR=0.43; 95% CI, 0.244 to 0.771). Collectively, our data providenovel epidemiological and histopathological support for sarcoptic mange being widespread amongcamels in the studied area. Sarcoptic mange is extremely contagious and zoonotic. Therefore, ourbaseline investigation indicates an urgent need for additional multicenter-studies to investigate theoccurrence of this disease in camels and humans combined with the appropriate control measures ofcamel importation for combating this disease.

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Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a promising bio-technology for energy recovery from organic wastes. This study provides a novel method for the enhanced AD of dairy manure (DM) without pre/post-treatment by the direct supplementation of special natural ash from soil called Mineraso (MS) to the feed of lactating Holstein dairy cattle (HDC). MS is chiefly composed of approximately 84.8% of iron hydroxide. MS was supplemented at rates of 0 (F1), 25 (F2), and 50 (F3) g/head of HDC/day for two months. Thereafter, the manure of each group of HDC was collected and examined for iron concentrations prior to the batch AD experiments. The results revealed that the amounts of iron excreted in manure were reduced by 63.64% and 68.42%, respectively. Interestingly, the supplementation of MS at concentrations of 25 and 50 g/head of HDC improved biogas yields from DM by 21.90% and 40.05%, respectively than the control (no MS supplementation). Additionally, the equivalent dosages of MS improved methane yield by 25.87% and 46.51%, respectively. The highest cumulative production of biogas and CH4 was 1.11 and 0.63 L/gVS removed, respectively, which was achieved by F3 supplement, while the corresponding values in the case of F1 were 0.79 and 0.43 L/gVS removed. Therefore, the supplementation of animals with iron-containing MS might represent a sustainable and practical approach to enhancing CH4 yields.

Anaerobic digestion for biogas production is one of the most used technology for bioenergy. However, the adoption of nanoparticles still needs further studies. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the effect of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) at four different concentrations in two different combinations, 20 (R1) and 100 (R2) mg/L for Fe2O3, 100 (R3) and 500 (R4) mg/L for TiO2, and a mixture of Fe2O3 and TiO2 at rates of 20, 500 (R5) and 100, and 500 (R6), on hydrogen sulfide (H2S) mitigation, biogas, and methane (CH4) yield during the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure (CM) using an anaerobic batch system. The results showed that H2S production was 2.13, 2.38, 2.37, 2.51, 2.64, and 2.17 times lower than that of the control (R0), respectively, when the CM was treated by the aforementioned MONPs. Additionally, biogas and CH4 production were 1.09 and 1.105, 1.15 and 1.191, 1.07 and 1.097, 1.17 and 1.213, 1.10 and 1.133, and 1.13 and 1.15 times higher than those of R0 when R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 were supplemented with MONPs, respectively. The highest specific production of biogas and CH4 was 336.25 and 192.31 mL/gVS, respectively, which was achieved by R4 supplemented with 500 mg/L TiO2 NPs, while the corresponding values in the case of R0 were 286.38 and 158.55 mL/gVS

The present study aimed to assess the population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from Egypt. A total of 230 MTB isolates were analysed using spoligotyping, large sequence polymorphism (LSPs), mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). The majority of isolates (93.0%) belonged to lineage 4, including 44.3, 13.4 and 10.8% of the ill-defined T clade, LAM and Haarlem families, respectively, and lineage 3 was identified in 7.0% of the isolates. MIRU-VNTRs typing allowed efficient discrimination of the spoligotype-defined clusters, including spoligo-international types (SIT) 53, 34, and 4, into 56 patterns, including 13 clusters and 43 unique patterns. A new SNP at position 311614 was identified in all six isolates to form the biggest MIRU-VNTR cluster, which suggested a recent clonal expansion. This SNP could possibly be used as a genetic marker for robust discriminations of Egyptian MTB isolates belonging to SIT53. The combination of spoligotyping, 12 MIRU-VNTRs loci and MLST provided insight into the genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of the Egyptian MTB genotypes and could be a key to implementation of effective control measures by public health authorities.

Abstract: The bactericidal efficiency of AgNP was evaluated against Total bacterial Counts (TBC), Total Coliform Counts (TCC) and Total Faecal Streptococcal Counts (TFS) of water samples collected from fish farms water. Our finding showed that the highest concentration of Ag nanoparticle exhibited highest bactericidal efficiency against TBC where after 2 hours contact time, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 mg/L Ag nanoparticle was sufficient to inhibit (85.33 %, 71.93 % and 62.19 %) of TBC in fish farms water. Moreover, the results showed that the lowest mean of TCC was at 0.1 ppm of AgNP after 2 hrs. contact time (144.21 ± 99.94), where its antibacterial activity reached to 92.48 % and this percentage of TCC inhibition was higher than the other 2 concentrations at the same times (58.34 % for 0.05 ppm and 31.01 % for 0.01 ppm at 2 hrs.). Furthermore, the results showed that the lowest mean of TFS was the mean of 0.1 ppm of AgNP after 2 hrs. contact time (155.50 ± 60.86) followed by 0.1 ppm after 1 hr. contact time (212.46 ± 97.46). Moreover, the highest concentration (0.1 ppm) produced highest antibacterial activity against TFS and its efficiency reached to 90.48 % followed by 0.05 ppm, which resulted in 87.82 % inhibition of TFS after 2hrs.The mean value of 0.1 ppm at 1hr. nearly equal in their inhibition to 0.05 at 2hrs., while the inhibition of 0.1 at 5 min. was higher than 0.01 at 2 hrs. contact time. Also, our results revealed that there were significant positive correlations between water pH, water hardness, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and TBC, TCC, TFS count, this means that when water pH, water hardness, COD increased there were increase in the bacterial count (decreased AgNP efficiency), while there were significant negative correlations between water temperature and TBC, TCC, TFS, this means that when the water temperature increased there was decrease in the bacterial count (increased AgNP efficiency) and vice versa. Silver nanoparticles proved good efficiency against Faecal bacterial indicators and TBC of water, so we recommend using the silver nanoparticles in the field of fish farms water treatment. To obtain a good efficiency of silver nanoparticles, the fish farms water must be treated to remove water hardness and organic matter before the applications of AgNP.

The bactericidal efficiency of AgNP was evaluated against Total Bacterial Count (TBC), Total Coliform count(TCC) and Total fecal streptococcal Count (TFS) of water samples collected from surface water and ground water. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized in a typical one-step synthesis protocol through chemical reduction of silver nitrate by soluble starch. Silver nanoparticles were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (size) and Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (concentration), the bactericidal efficiency of AgNP was evaluated by application of it in three concentrations 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 ppm to each water sample, each concentration allowed to interact with bacterial communities of the water for several contact times, namely 5 min. 15 min., 30 min., 1 hr. and 2 hrs., then the bactericidal efficiency of AgNPs was determined by comparing the counting bacteria before and after treatment for each sample. We found that, the higher mean values of TBC, TCC and TFS were detected in surface water than ground water. Also,our obtained results showed that TBC, TCC and TFS exceeding permissible limits. Moreover, the statistical analysis of data showed that application of AgNp at different concentration, the Total bacterial count was significantly reduced in all AgNP-exposed samples when compared with the control group (P0.05). Also, our results showed that the highest bacterial inhibition was at the highest concentration of AgNP (0.1 ppm) at maximum time used (2hrs.). Our results showed that the highest concentration of Ag nano particle exhibited highest bactericidal efficiency against TBC, where after 2hrs.contact time, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 mg/L Ag nano particle was sufficient to inhibit (91.85 %, 89.14 % and 74.92 %) and (92.33 % , 85.23 % and 53.17 %) of TBC in surface water and ground water, respectively. Moreover, the inhibition efficiency of the highest concentration (0.1 ppm) against TCC reached to 98.10% and 99.88% in surface water and 95.54 % and 99.20 % in ground water after 1hr. and 2hrs. contact times, respectively. Nearly, the same result was detected against Fecal streptococcal count.