Due to its prevalence in aquatic environments and potential cytotoxicity, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP)
has garnered considerable attention. As a medicinal plant with numerous biological activities,
Nigella sativa (black seed or black cumin) seed (NSS) is widely utilized throughout the world.
Consequently, this study aimed to examine the potential protective effects of NSS against
4-NP-induced hepatotoxicity in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). To achieve this objective, 18
fish (351 ± 3 g) were randomly divided into three equal groups for 21 days. The first group serves
as a control which did not receive any treatment except the basal diet. The second and third
groups were exposed to 4-NP at a dose of 0.1 mg L−1 of aquarium water and fed a basal diet only
or supplemented with 2.5% NSS, respectively. The histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural
features of the liver were subsequently evaluated as a damage biomarker of the hepatic tissue. Our
results confirmed that 4-NP was a potent hepatotoxic agent, as 4-NP-intoxicated fish exhibited
many lesions. Steatohepatitis, ballooning degeneration, sclerosing cholangitis, and coagulative
necrosis of melanomacrophagecenters (MMCs) were observed. Hemosiderin, lipofuscin pigments,
and proliferation of fibroblasts, kupffer cells, and telocytes were also demonstrated in the livers of
4-NP-intoxicated fish. In addition, decreased glycogen content and increased collagen deposition
were observed in the hepatic tissue. Hepatocytes exhibited ultrastructural alterations in the
chromatin, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes,
and peroxisomes. Co-administration of 2.5% NSS to 4-NP-intoxicated fish significantly reduced these
hepatotoxic effects. It nearly preserved the histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural integrity of
hepatic tissue.

Background: Over the past 10 years, inclusion body hepatitis outbreaks, essentially from commercial broiler flocks, have been detected in different geographic regions highlighting the wide distribution of FAdVs around the world resulting in serious economic losses due to increased mortalities as well as poor performance within poultry farms in Assiut province, Egypt. Thus, this study was achieved to detect fowl adenovirus in broiler chicken flocks in Assiut province, Egypt and to recognize the pathogenicity of the isolated virus.
Results: The phylogeny of the L1 loop of the hexon gene exposed that the isolated virus clustered and belonged
to the reference strains serotype D FAdV. The isolated virus is closely related to inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) strains causing extensive economic losses. The pathogenicity study of the virus showed typical macroscopic lesions with 6% mortality; furthermore, histopathological inspection exhibited severe hepatitis and degenerative changes after 5d from infection in the immune system.
Conclusion: Results in this research support the primary pathogenicity and mortality caused by FADV serotype 2
(IBH) alone without immunosuppressive agents thus robust control measures should be implanted against FAdV to evade the serious economic losses in poultry farms.
Keywords: Fowl adenovirus serotype 2, Inclusion body hepatitis, Pathogenesis, Histopathological examination

The current work examined the genotoxic effects of pyridaben (PDB) in male Sprague Dawley rats. Twenty Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four equal groups; the first group was used as a control group; the other three groups were exposed to 19, 28.5, and 57 mg/kg b.w PDB by oral gavage for 4 weeks. Blood samples were
collected for hematological and biochemical parameters; femoral bone marrow was flushed for chromosomal aberrations (CA) assay and liver samples were used for the analysis of gene expression of IL-6 and Casp-3 as well as histopathological and immunhistochemical investigation for Casp-3. The results showed that PDB exposure lead to non-significant changes in hematological parameters in all PDB administrated groups while malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased in 19 and 57 mg/kg PDB doses groups Also, gene expression of IL-6 and Casp-3 revealed a significant increase in 28.5 and 57 mg/kg PDB doses groups as compared with the control. However, there
was no significant change in the percentage of CAs in bone marrow cells in all PDBexposed groups. The histopathological and immunhistochemical examination showed focal areas of inflammatory cellular infiltration with fibrosis in 57 mg/kg b.w PDB dose group accompanied by the severe positive reaction of caspase3 in the liver.
KEYWORDS
chromosomal aberrations, genotoxicity, histopathological examination, immunhistochemical
investigation, pyridaben

Dimethoate (DM) is one type of organophosphorus insecticide, that kills insects and mites both systemically and immediately upon contact and harms a range of non-target animals, including fish when it enters the aquatic habitat. This study aimed to determine the potentially harmful histopathological and biochemical impacts of Dimethoate on Nile tilapia fish. Sixty Oreochromis Niloticus freshwater fish, each weighing an average of 130 ± 10 g, were divided into two groups in triplicates. There were 6 groups, 3 control groups, and 3 experiment groups that received Dimethoate at a dose of 8 mg/l in water for 15 days. Blood samples were collected and used for biochemical indexes. For histological analysis, samples of the brain, gills, liver, and kidney were collected. The findings of the study demonstrated that fish treated with Dimethoate exhibited pale gills, anxious symptoms, as well as congestion and hemorrhages in many internal organs, comprising the brain, kidney, and liver. There was a significant increase in the blood levels of nitric oxide, lipid peroxide, and glutathione peroxidase and a significant fall in catalase levels in the Dimethoate group when compared to the control group. Pesticides, especially DM, should not be used carelessly in agriculture and allowed to accumulate in streams because of deleterious effects on fish.

Objective The present study was carried out to investigate the possible protective role of copper (II) albumin against zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) provoked DNA damage and hepatotoxicity in rats.
Methods Forty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups; Group I: the control group maintained on a regular diet, Group II: received 1 ml/day of milk as the solvent of Cu (II) albumin complex, Group III: received Cu (II) albumin at 0.03 μg/gm, Group IV: exposed to ZnONPs (400 mg/kg/day), and Group V: exposed to 400 mg/kg/day ZnONPs plus Cu (II) albumin. All treatments were administered for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, animals were euthanized for collection of blood and liver samples. DNA damage in blood and liver was evaluated by using comet assay, while hepatotoxicity was evaluated from histopathological changes of hepatic tissue and liver enzymes (ALT and AST).
The oxidative status parameters including nitric oxide (NO), glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were also measured.
Results The results showed that ZnONPs induced oxidative stress through a significant increase in MDA and NO activities, a significant decrease in TAC, and slight decrease in glutathione peroxidase. Significant DNA damage, a significant increase in AST, and a slight increase in ALT were accompanied by histological changes in the liver ZnONPs exposed group. Concurrent Cu (II) albumin supplement to ZnONPs-treated rats in Group IV reversed most of the histopathological changes and DNA damage, significantly lowered ALT and AST levels as well as MDA and NO, and elevated the TAC and GPx.
Conclusion Based on these results, it can be concluded that Cu (II) albumin effectively protects against ZnONPs-induced hepatic dysfunction and DNA damage in rats.

The current study was conducted to assess the effect of HFD (40%) on estrous cycle regularity and body weight in female rats. Fourteen female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups. The control group (I) received the standard chow diet, and the HFD group (II) received the HFD (55% basal diet, 3% sesame oil, 25% beef tallow, 5% milk powder, 5% roasted peanuts, 5% egg, and 2% NaCl) daily for 10 successive weeks. Bodyweight was recorded every week from the beginning of the study to the end, where, at the 8th week after dietary exposure, the assessment of the estrous cycle was performed daily for ten successive days using visual assessment and vaginal cytology procedures. The HFD group revealed a statistically higher proportion of rats with an irregular estrous cycle (p = 0.031) and a significantly increased diestrus index vs. the control group (p = 0.025). The HFD group revealed a nonsignificant decrease in the cycle frequency, a significant decrease in the total days of the proestrus stage (p ≤ 0.001), and a nonsignificant shortening in the estrus and metestrus stages vs. control. In contrast, the HFD group revealed a significantly longer diestrus stage than the control group (p = 0.025). Weight gain and body weight were significantly increased throughout the experiment in the HFD group when compared with the control group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, HFD results in increased body weight and increased estrous cycle irregularities, which may impair the female reproductive function.

Background: Due to their potential for treating a variety of common illnesses, medicinal plants have recently attracted a lot of attention, also other medicinal assertions are now supported by a wealth of scientific evidence, so nowadays natural products such as essential oils (EOs) and crude extracts provide boundless opportunities for novel drugs. Objective: This Study was carried out to investigate the antiviral and antibacterial activity of an essential oils product, Deca-Cel®, against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Lasota strain, as a viral model and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium as bacterial models. Methodology: The antiviral activity of these EOs was systematically studied in three experimental protocols viz. virucidal, therapeutic and prophylactic assays employing in ovo model. Firstly, toxicity study was estimated for screening the optimal non-toxic concentration of the EOs in the embryonated chicken eggs and then their antiviral efficacy was determined. Embryo survival was observed by candling daily and the survival rates of embryos were recorded on day 4th post-inoculation (pi). After the end of experiments, survivors were killed by chilling the eggs in a refrigerator for further examination and allantoic fluid from treated eggs was collected for rapid hemagglutination (HA) test to detect NDV. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values are used to determine the susceptibilities of some bacterial agents to these EOs to evaluate their antibacterial activity. Results: For studying their antiviral activity, it was found that Deca-Cel® oil can completely inhibit NDV growth with a high embryo survival rate reaching 100% with -ve HA activity as a virucidal and prophylactic agent, while 60% embryo survival rate and negative hemagglutination activity had been recorded as a therapeutic agent, comparing to virus control which showed 100% embryo mortality rate within 48:72hrs pi with strong positive HA activity. Regarding the antibacterial activity, it was found that MIC values of these EOs were 0.4 μL/ml and 0.2 μL/ml against Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli respectively, which means that these EOs can be used as a good alternative to antibiotics that recently showing resistance. Conclusion: The current findings have demonstrated that these EOs have promising antiviral and antibacterial properties against many avian pathogens

An essential research tool for studying colorectal cancer (CRC) is the use of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) as an animal model of colorectal carcinogenesis. Niclosamide (Nic), an oral anthelmintic drug, has been identified as a possible anticancer agent. The purpose of this research was to determine the potential antineoplastic effect of Nic on induced colorectal carcinogenesis. Five groups from thirty-five albino rats were created. Group I was given a vehicle for four weeks. Group II was administered Nic I/P at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. daily for four weeks. Group III was administered DMH S/C at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. twice weekly for four weeks. Group IV received DMH in the same manner as Group III, and following a week from the last DMH injection, they were given daily doses of 20 mg/kg b.w. of Nic I/P until the experiment concluded. Group V received for four weeks both DMH S/C at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. twice weekly and Nic I/P at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. daily. Upon completion of the experiment, which lasted 12 weeks, rats were sacrificed for sampling. Colons of rats in all groups were collected for aberrant crypt foci (ACF) counting using 0.2% methylene blue. Then tissue specimens were taken for histopathological examination. According to the topographical features of colon preneoplastic lesions, we found that group III had more ACF count and crypt multiplicity, whereas groups IV and V had a significantly lower number. Microscopically, rats receiving DMH exhibited moderate to severe dysplastic changes. These changes were significantly decreased in both Nic-treated groups, however, Group V showed the best improvement. These results indicated the obvious protective effect of Nic against ACF progression.