Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were sustainably synthesized using Capparis decidua stem extract as a green capping and stabilizing agent, and their photocatalytic efficiency toward Rhodamine 6G (Rh 6G) degradation was evaluated. Three extract concentrations (2, 5, and 10 g per 200 mL) were employed to optimize synthesis and performance. The ZnO NPs were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and N₂ adsorption–desorption analysis. Pristine ZnO NPs were obtained using low plant extract concentrations. TEM revealed spherical nanoparticles whose average diameter decreased from 40 to 24 nm with increasing extract concentration. The sample synthesized with the highest extract concentration exhibited the largest surface area (32.9 m² g⁻¹) and pore volume (0.039 cm³ g⁻¹), indicating the impact of extract concentration on the material texture. The optical band gap narrowed from 3.67 eV to 3.02 eV while increasing the extract concentration from 2 g/200 mL (sample 2Z) to 10 g/200 mL (sample 10Z). Under sunlight irradiation, the 2Z sample achieved the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency (for Rh 6G) of ∼96% at the optimum pH of 6.5 (in 75 min), compared to ∼88.4% for the sample 10Z. The degradation followed first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.018 min⁻¹. Superoxide radicals (O₂˙⁻) were the primary reactive species governing the photocatalytic degradation of Rh 6G, with ˙OH and (h⁺) contributing secondary roles in the overall oxidation. These findings demonstrate the potential of Capparis decidua extract for the eco-friendly synthesis of efficient ZnO photocatalysts for environmental remediation.

The growing demand for clean energy has intensified research into sustainable hydrogen production methods. This study explores a potentially less hazardous catalytic approach for hydrogen generation through sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) hydrolysis, utilizing a copper-aspartate metal-organic framework (Cu-Asp MOF) as a green and efficient catalyst. It was heat-treated at 500 °C for 1 h to produce CuO NPs. The synthesized Cu-Asp MOF and CuO NPs were characterized using XRD, FTIR, EDX, XPS and SEM to confirm their structural and morphological properties. The catalytic performance of Cu-Asp MOF and CuO NPs was evaluated under varying conditions, including temperature, NaBH₄ concentration, and catalyst loading, demonstrating high hydrogen production rates with excellent recyclability while utilizing Cu-Asp MOF. Kinetics analysis revealed a low activation energy of 42.7 kJ/mol, indicating the MOF's superior catalytic activity. The Cu-Asp MOF catalyzes the reaction ∼3.5 times faster than CuO NPs under the same experimental conditions. Thermodynamic results indicated the spontaneous and entropy driven nature for the catalytic reaction. Furthermore, the use of a biocompatible ligand (aspartate) enhances the environmental sustainability of the process. This work presents a promising, cost-effective, and green alternative to conventional noble metal-based catalysts, contributing to the advancement of clean hydrogen energy technologies.

Dehydrogenation of alcohols to ketones and hydrogen offers a green and sustainable procedure for H₂ production as a best alternative for clean fuel. Researchers are challenged today to develop catalysts that possess remarkable conversion as well as high selectivity towards alcohol dehydration. CuO modified, structured cerias were successfully synthesized by carbonization of Ce-UiO-66 at 400–600 °C. The synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, XPS, TGA, TEM, EDX and FTIR spectroscopy. Surface texture also was investigated through N₂ adsorption at (77 ^°K). The catalysts were posted towards the dehydrogenation of 2-propanol in the gas phase. The catalytic performance could easily be tested by varying the Cu/Ce ratio, calcination temperature, and catalyst loading. The optimized CuO/CeO₂ ratio exhibited > 99% conversion and 100% selectivity for both H₂ and acetone at 225 °C. The characterization results showed that the synergetic effect between Cu²⁺ and ceria existed and thus strengthening H₂ production, meanwhile following acetone generation. Kinetic analysis was studied isothermally at different temperatures which reveals that the dehydrogenation of 2-propanol behaves as first-order kinetics. The data was extended to determine the rate constant and the apparent activation energy (E_a), which was found to be 19.48 kJ/mole. We proceeded further to compute ∆H, ∆S, and ∆G values. The values that confirm the thermodynamic spontaneity of the dehydrogenation pathway. The surface synergisms caused by the CuO modification, which increase the ratio of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) atoms and cause the creation of Cu(I) and Cu(II) sites, are responsible for the catalytic performance of the produced catalysts. Consequently, the CuO modification promotes the dehydrogenation pathway which needs these basic sites. Therefore, it is reasonable to propose that the most likely cause of the observed CuO enhancement of 2-propanol dehydrogenation is the improved production of Ce(III)/Ce(IV) and Cu(I)/Cu(II) redox couples. A Langmuir Hinshelwood mechanism was suggested, which included adsorbed IPA, H₂, acetone, and isopropoxide into the site balance and supposed that the removal of the initial atom was the step that determined the reaction rate.

Herein, eight novel benzimidazoles grafted pyrazole-containing pyrene or fluorene moiety were synthesized. The substituent and solvent effects on the photophysical properties of the compounds have been analyzed based on their absorption and fluorescence bands in various solvents and the analysis was further supplemented by computational studies. The synthesized benzimidazoles derivatives show blue state emission in the range of 409–536 nm. Experimental absorption and emission wavelengths measured for all the synthesized benzimidazoles derivatives are in good agreement with those predicted using the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. The emission maxima of the methyl substituted compounds 6a-d increased compared to that of the unsubstituted derivatives 5a-d. However, upon methyl substitution the system undergoes fluorescence quenching. Computational analyses are used to understand the mechanism behind the fluorescence quenching and are helpful in explaining the electronic behavior of the chemical species reported here.

A series of new fluorene-heterocyclic sulfonamide conjugates were designed and synthesized as potential anticancer agents. In the design of the conjugates, heterocyclic ring systems were utilized for a plausible amplification of bioactivity. The new fluorene-based conjugates were thoroughly characterized and eval- uated for antibacterial and anticancer activity against selected bacterial strains and cancer cell lines. The conjugate 8 g , with a 4,6-dimethyl-pyrimidinyl group, exhibited excellent cytotoxicity and selectivity in- dex of 5.6 μM (IC 50 ) and 10.14, respectively, against HCT-116 cancer cell line, which was comparable and superior to standard doxorubicin. Additional clonogenicity, cell migration, and apoptosis induction assays demonstrated that the conjugate 8 g effectively inhibits the colony forming and cell migratory ability of HCT-116 cancer cells with significant apoptosis induction. Moreover, in silico analysis was carried out to understand their binding affinity at the DHPS receptor and all the analyzed conjugates exhibited supe- rior or similar affinity towards the target protein compared to sulfamerazine drug, which was used as control. Additionally, the ADME pharmacokinetics predictions, along with drug likeliness properties, were also investigated.

The leatherleaf slug Eleutherocaulis alte from Assiut Governorate, Egypt, was investigated using an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular, histological, and bioactivity analyses. Morphological characterization revealed a dorsoventrally flattened body with a brown dorsal surface marked by a pale median line, dark spots, and a narrow central foot. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene sequencing confirmed its identity as E. alte, showing 98.23% similarity to Laevicaulis alte, and the sequence was deposited in GenBank (OR162029). Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated porous mucus-secreting surfaces essential for locomotion and adhesion, while histological examination revealed distinct secretory cell types within the epidermal and subepidermal layers, including a suprapedal gland producing mixed acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides. Bioactivity assays indicated that the crude mucus exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, particularly against Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 7.8 µg/mL and 3.9 µg/mL, respectively. The crude mucus showed significantly greater antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as C. albicans compared to the corresponding positive controls (gentamicin or fluconazole; P < 0.05 − 0.001). However, it exhibited no inhibitory effect against Aspergillus niger, collectively, these findings provide novel taxonomic, anatomical, and biomedical insights into E. alte, and highlight its mucus as a promising natural source of antimicrobial agents.

In this manuscript, we study heat generation effects on Magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection in hybrid nanofluid (Tio2-Cu/Water) in a wavy porous cavity with a lid-driven using Local Thermal Non Equilibrium (LTNE) condition. The impacts of the inclined magnetic field, internal heat generation, and the volume of the solid fraction on the flow and heat structures are investigated. The dominant equations and the conditions of the boundaries are converted for dimensionless equations. This equation is solved numerically using the SIMPLER algorithm based on the finite volume method. The results are represented graphically by streamlines, isotherms, iso-concentrations, local Nusselt numbers, local Sherwood numbers, and average Nusselt numbers. The results showed that the isothermal wavy walls and the internal heat source had an essential effect on the fluid flow and heat transfer. Furthermore, the position of the heat source and large values of the heat generation parameter enhanced the rate of heat transfer and decreased the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. On the other hand, the rise of the Hartmann number restricted nanofluid transport. Moreover, the presence of a porous medium reduced the nanofluid velocity while enhancing the heat transport in the cavity.

This study investigates the thermal behavior and heat transfer characteristics of micropolar nanofluids within inclined containers featuring asymmetric solid boundaries. The system consists of a container with a finite-thickness solid part on the left wall and a solid wall along the right boundary, subjected to an inclined magnetic field and containing a heat source/ sink. Three coupled energy formulations are employed to model the system: the fluid temperature equation, the included medium temperature equation, and the heat conduction equation for solid walls. A comprehensive analysis explores the effects of the length and position of the solid part on thermal performance, using finite difference method simulations. The research introduces a novel approach by developing an artificial neural network to predict heat transfer rates based on numerical data. Key findings demonstrate that relocating the solid part away from the lower edge enhances fluid flow activity while reducing average heat transfer rates. Additionally, increasing the solid part’s length improves convective heat transfer characteristics. The developed ANN model shows excellent predictive capabilities, with target values approaching unity across all studied parameters, validating its effectiveness for thermal performance prediction in such complex systems.

This work aims to improve heat transmission a fundamental component of engineering and industrial processes, by examining entropy formation in magnetohydrodynamic natural convection inside an enclosure containing a saturated porous material under circumstances of local thermal non-equilibrium. The study utilizes an Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid, with a cross-shaped obstacle and thermally elevated corners. The model employs a two-phase nanofluid methodology, the local thermal non-equilib rium approximation, and Darcy’s law to characterize the behavior of the porous medium. Numerical solutions to the governing partial differential equations are derived using the finite difference technique, with validation against prior work demonstrating strong concordance. The research investigates heat transfer rates and micropolar hybrid nanofluid flow by illustrating contours of nanofluid flow, isotherms for both fluid and solid phases, and distributions of stream function, temperature, and nanoparticle volume percent. Results demonstrate that positive heat sources (Q = 5) augment convective currents, whereas negative heat sinks (Q = − 15) diminish buoyancy effects and decrease efficiency. Moreover, elevating nanoparticle concentration (ϕ) enhances ther mal conductivity, markedly augmenting heat transfer efficiency in convection-dominated environments. The Cu-based hybrid nanoparticles demonstrated superior efficacy compared to Al2O3 by providing increased thermal conductivity, improved heat transfer, and less entropy production. The results underscore the need of optimizing heat transfer processes to reduce entropy generation and fluid friction irreversibility, thereby improving the efficiency of thermal systems.

Thecurrentmodeloutlinesthepropertiesofamicropolarhybridnanofluid(titaniumdioxide-copper/water)flowingthroughan inclined wavy porous cavity. The Cattaneo-Christov equation is utilized to describe the heated circular obstacle and heat flux within the cavity. Additionally, thermal radiation is taken into account. Buoyancy, which is affected by a consistent magnetic f ield(B0)atanangleandheatradiation(Rd),istheprimaryforcethatdrivestheflow.Thetemperatureoftheleftandrightwalls of the cavity is lower compared to the other sides, which are insulated and contain a heated circular obstacle. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are solved using the finite difference approach and are expressed in terms of streamlines, isotherms, iso-micro-rotations, vertical and micropolar velocity, average and local Nusselt number. The obtained results are confirmedwithpriornumericalinvestigations.Thepaperdiscussesseveralcharacteristics,includingtheheatsource,Hartmann number, thermal radiation, undulations, vortex viscosity parameter, and radius of the circular obstacle. As the heat-generating parameter rises, the vertical and horizontal walls observe a corresponding rise in the local Nusselt number. The vertical and micropolar velocities exhibit a diminishing trend as the Hartmann number (Ha) values increase. The average Nusselt number increases as the value of thermal radiation (Rd) rises. Wavy cavity analysis is employed in applications like cooling systems, building design, and cable systems.Thisresearchfacilitates innovative cooling technologies for high-performance computing, renewable energy systems, and next-generation automotive thermal managemen