Despite its high toxicity and corrosivity, hydrogen fluoride (HF) is widely used in industrial processes such as fluorine compound synthesis, aluminum production, and gasoline refining. As the only weak hydrohalic acid, HF may exist in its molecular, undissociated form in some aqueous and biological environments. HF has similar polarity to H₂O, and both liquids exhibit hydrogen bond-driven molecular associations. However, their electrostatic potential surfaces differ: the oxygen atom in H₂O carries a more negative potential than the fluorine atom in HF, while the hydrogen atom in HF carries a more positive potential than in H₂O. 

This study investigates heat transfer in a Maxwell nanofluid flowing over a horizontal cylindrical surface immersed in an incompressible viscous medium, subjected to an external magnetic field and uniform heat flux. The model accounts for the effects of Brownian motion, thermophoresis, interstitial fluid velocity, and thermal absorption in biological tissue factors critical in cancer thermal therapy applications. Through appropriate similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations were reduced to a nonlinear, coupled system of ordinary differential equations, which was solved numerically using MATLAB’s bvp4c solver. Numerical results reveal that increasing the thermophoresis parameter leads to a notable decrease in interstitial fluid temperature within tumor tissue, indicating diminished thermal penetration due to nanoparticle migration away from the heated zone. Furthermore, higher Deborah number values and stronger magnetic field intensities enhance localized heat distribution, offering potential mechanisms for precise thermal control in tumor regions. The novelty of this work lies in integrating Maxwell viscoelastic nanofluid dynamics with key tumor microenvironment characteristics, including vascular wall porosity and nonlinear thermal absorption, thereby contributing valuable insights into the design of more effective nanoparticle-based thermal therapies.

A Newtonian nanofluid containing suspended nanoparticles can substantially improve heat transfer due to enhanced energy transport mechanisms. This theoretical study investigates heat and mass transfer in biological tissues using such a nanofluid under a magnetic field. These properties have promising medical and engineering applications. The nonlinear governing equations were transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity variables and numerically solved with MATLAB boundary value problem solver bvp4c, subject to appropriate boundary conditions. Results demonstrated increasing the heat source parameter dramatically raised tumor interstitial temperature. This heating, along with improved nanoparticle accumulation within the tumor due to the thermal effects, are together essential for effective hyperthermia treatment. The model provides new insights into tuning heat and mass transport mechanisms in biological tissues via nanofluids for therapeutic applications. Therefore, the findings of this study may improve the efficacy of thermal therapy in treating cancer.

Indoor air quality is significantly compromised by the biodeterioration of building materials, such as oil-based paints, which facilitates the release of fungal bioaerosols posing health risks to occupants. This study examines the role of Cladosporium sphaerospermum as a key airborne contaminant in paint degradation and evaluates metal nanoparticles as antimicrobial additives to mitigate associated bioaerosol emissions. Cladosporium sphaerospermum was isolated from deteriorated oil-based paint samples and identified via phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Microscopic evaluations, including stereomicroscopy, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirmed its primary involvement in paint degradation through surface invasion and colonization. The fungus displayed robust lipase and urease activities, with specific activities of 43.2 and 824 units per milligram protein, respectively

The Neoproterozoic ophiolites and the spatially associated arc rocks in the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) have an indispensable role in understanding its evolution history. These rocks are well exposed in the ANS, but their tectono-magmatic evolution remains uncertain. Here, we present zircon U-Pb and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating, whole rock geochemistry, and Nd-Hf isotopic compositions for arc metavolcanics (AMV), metagabbro-diorite (MGD), and ophiolitic metabasalts (OMBs) from the Egyptian Nubian Shield. The AMV and MGD are tholeiitic/calc-alkaline with LREE-enrichment and Nb-Ta-depletion like oceanic island arc rocks. Zircons from the MGD yielded a U-Pb age of 725.7 ± 4 Ma and most grains have εHf_(t) and two stage Hf model ages (T_DM^C) of + 3 to + 13 and 0.8 to 1.0 Ga, respectively, implying a juvenile source. The OMBs are divided into pillow and massive tholeiitic metabasalts. The pillow metabasalts yielded ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar minimum age of ∼ 713 Ma and εNd_(t) from + 3.61 to + 6.61. They exhibit LREE-enrichment {(La/Sm)_N = 1.07–1.53) and E-MORB signature like subduction-related rocks. The massive metabasalts are LREE-depleted {(La/Sm)_N = 0.50–0.83} with boninitic affinity and N-MORB signature. These geochemical attributes pointed toward a forearc setting for the OMBs. Within the framework of Gondwana assembly, the tectono-magmatic evolution of these rocks records a late Neoproterozoic subduction initiation at ∼ 726 Ma in the Mozambique Ocean, which resulted in mantle upwelling, extension, and partial melting. Extension in the forearc produced pillow lavas with E-MORB characteristics through decompression partial melting of a metasomatized mantle. Ongoing extension further facilitated melting of the depleted mantle residue generating metabasalt with boninitic affinity. The downdip motion of the lithosphere enriched the depleted residue again by subduction fluids that stimulates partial melting to form a primitive arc. Continued convergence led to closure of the Mozambique Ocean and collision between East and West Gondwana at ∼ 600 Ma, based on resetting of the Ar/Ar system in the AMV.

The El Nakheil Fault System, located along the northwestern margin of the Red Sea in Egypt, comprises a segmented normal fault network strongly influenced by inherited Precambrian (Pan-African) basement struc tures. Through integrated geological field mapping, detailed structural measurements and remote sensing ana lyses including high-resolution digital elevation models (DEM) and ESRI satellite imagery across study area, this study identifies eight major fault segments spaced 2–3 km apart. These segments are linked via a progression of relay ramps ranging from soft-linked and hard-linked to fully breached zones, with bed dips varying between approximately 28 ◦ and 66 ◦ , reflecting localized strain accommodation during segment linkage. Displacement profile analysis indicates a spatial transition from ENE–WSW trending strike-slip faulting to NW–SE oriented normal faulting in the northern sector, consistent with reactivation of Pan-African shear zones under an oblique dextral extension regime quantified by an obliquity angle ( α ) of ~+20 ◦ . This regime has generated characteristic structural features including restraining and releasing bends that produce segmental elevation differences of up to ~150 m. The fault system evolution supports an isolated fault growth model in which individual segments initially propagate independently before mechanically linking through relay ramps. Paleostress inversions further confirm a transpressional stress field associated with the reactivated basement structures. These findings underscore the fundamental role of structural inheritance in controlling fault segmentation, orientation, and linkage along rift margins. Increasing structural complexity is observed proximal to the Ham rawin Shear Zone, highlighting its influence as a master tectonic feature. The study advances understanding of fault zone architecture in oblique rift settings, with implications for basin evolution, fault-controlled fluid migration, and resource exploration in continental extensional environments.

Bed-parallel slip (BPS) is an underappreciated yet structurally significant mechanism for accommodating extensional deformation in layered sedimentary basins. This study demonstrates that bed-parallel slip (BPS) is a fundamental process in the extensional rift margin of the northwestern Red Sea, significantly influencing the evolution of fault architecture, strain partitioning, and rift basin evolution. BPS surfaces are persistently localized within mechanically weak intervals—chief among them evaporites, mudstones, and intraformational conglomerates—where low shear strength and fluid activity facilitate slip along bedding planes. These surfaces contribute to the segmentation and displacement of major normal faults, resulting in complex, multi-level fault architectures, as revealed by both outcrop and seismic data. The relative timing between BPS and steep, dip-slip faults is highly variable, with BPS capable of predating, postdating, or developing coeval with faulting, depending on the local structural and stratigraphic context. Field evidence documents a suite of associated deformation features, including extensional veins, breccias, and forced folds, which collectively record the dynamic interplay between gravitational sliding and faulting. Large lateral offsets along BPS surfaces, comparable to those reported from other extensional basins, confirm the regional significance of this process. Overall, the results highlight that BPS, driven by gravitational sliding on weak, rotated beds, fundamentally modifies the architecture, connectivity, and evolution of fault zones in layered rift systems, with broad implications for understanding strain accommodation, fault reactivation, and fluid migration in continental margins worldwide.