The amount of ultraviolet radiation(UVR)reaching the Earth’s surface has been increasing as aresult of an increasingly thinner ozone layer.The UV-A component of the UVR is able to generate oxidative stress in the compound eye and haemo lymph of Procambarus clarkii when the latter was exposed for as little as 15min daily for one week to UV-A.Changes in the eye involved corneal material, crystalline cones, pigments in cones talks and retinula cells, rhabdom integrity, haemocyte in filtration,and haemal spaces. UV-A had significant impacts on haemolymph iron and glucose, where as Ca ions were unaffected.Total Protein and Cu ions showed on lyin significant changes following UV-A radiation.Involvement of lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation was significant with regard to the tissue damage cause by the UV-A.UV A further more induced biological effects on serum electrophoretic patterns: some fractions either increased in size or others decreased. The described change scan be used as reference guide lines in evaluations of UV-A induced stress effects in P. clarkii

The amount of ultraviolet radiation(UVR)reaching the Earth’s surface has been increasing as aresult of an increasingly thinner ozone layer.The UV-A component of the UVR is able to generate oxidative stress in the compound eye and haemo lymph of Procambarus clarkii when the latter was exposed for as little as 15min daily for one week to UV-A.Changes in the eye involved corneal material, crystalline cones, pigments in cones talks and retinula cells, rhabdom integrity, haemocyte in filtration,and haemal spaces. UV-A had significant impacts on haemolymph iron and glucose, where as Ca ions were unaffected.Total Protein and Cu ions showed on lyin significant changes following UV-A radiation.Involvement of lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation was significant with regard to the tissue damage cause by the UV-A.UV A further more induced biological effects on serum electrophoretic patterns: some fractions either increased in size or others decreased. The described change scan be used as reference guide lines in evaluations of UV-A induced stress effects in P. clarkii

The total structure factor, S(K), have been obtained for the chalcogenide Ge20Se80−xTex (where x =0, 10, 20, and 30 at. %) glasses using x-ray diffraction in the wave vector interval 0.28=K =6.87 Å−1. The appearance of the first sharp diffraction peak in the structure factor indicates the presence of the intermediate range order. The radii of the first- and second-coordination shells (r1 , r2) are increased linearly with Te addition. The large covalent radius of Te atom in compare with that of Se atom was behind the above linear increase. The first coordination number shows insignificant changes with Te content. The obtained values of r1 / r2 ratio and the corresponding bond angle (theta) indicate that the structural units inside the present alloys are Ge(Se1/2)4 tetrahedra connected by chains of the chalcogen atoms. Raman spectra confirm the above conclusion and in the same time exclude the existence of Ge(Te1/2)4 tetrahedra. Based on the chemical ordered network mode, Te–Te bonds are responsible for the different behavior of Te-rich (30 at. %) glass from others.

The total structure factor, S(K), have been obtained for the chalcogenide Ge20Se80−xTex (where x =0, 10, 20, and 30 at. %) glasses using x-ray diffraction in the wave vector interval 0.28=K =6.87 Å−1. The appearance of the first sharp diffraction peak in the structure factor indicates the presence of the intermediate range order. The radii of the first- and second-coordination shells (r1 , r2) are increased linearly with Te addition. The large covalent radius of Te atom in compare with that of Se atom was behind the above linear increase. The first coordination number shows insignificant changes with Te content. The obtained values of r1 / r2 ratio and the corresponding bond angle (theta) indicate that the structural units inside the present alloys are Ge(Se1/2)4 tetrahedra connected by chains of the chalcogen atoms. Raman spectra confirm the above conclusion and in the same time exclude the existence of Ge(Te1/2)4 tetrahedra. Based on the chemical ordered network mode, Te–Te bonds are responsible for the different behavior of Te-rich (30 at. %) glass from others.

The total structure factor, S(K), have been obtained for the chalcogenide Ge20Se80−xTex (where x =0, 10, 20, and 30 at. %) glasses using x-ray diffraction in the wave vector interval 0.28=K =6.87 Å−1. The appearance of the first sharp diffraction peak in the structure factor indicates the presence of the intermediate range order. The radii of the first- and second-coordination shells (r1 , r2) are increased linearly with Te addition. The large covalent radius of Te atom in compare with that of Se atom was behind the above linear increase. The first coordination number shows insignificant changes with Te content. The obtained values of r1 / r2 ratio and the corresponding bond angle (theta) indicate that the structural units inside the present alloys are Ge(Se1/2)4 tetrahedra connected by chains of the chalcogen atoms. Raman spectra confirm the above conclusion and in the same time exclude the existence of Ge(Te1/2)4 tetrahedra. Based on the chemical ordered network mode, Te–Te bonds are responsible for the different behavior of Te-rich (30 at. %) glass from others.

Oxidative stress has been proven to be involved in cisplatin (CP)-induced toxicity. The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Vit C, N,N0-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) and Lcysteine against CP-induced testicular oxidative damage in rats. Our data indicated significant increases in lipid peroxides (LPO), total peroxides and superoxide anion levels in testes of rats treated with CP (2 mg/kg/week, for 4 weeks) that was associated with a significant reduction in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The contents of glutathione (GSH), Vit E and Vit C were significantly lower in CP treated testes compared with these of control. The co-administration of CP with DPPD or L-cysteine significantly reduced the elevation in LPO, however the co-administration of CP with Vit C, DPPD or L-cysteine reduced the effect of CP on superoxide anion and antioxidant enzymes and also on the antioxidants contents. The administration of Vit C, DPPD or L-cysteine before CP injection improved the histological pictures and reduced the number of apoptotic cells and DPPD was more efficient. In conclusion, DPPD is a potent antioxidant, against CP-induced testicular oxidative damage, as compared with Vit C and L-cysteine

Oxidative stress has been proven to be involved in cisplatin (CP)-induced toxicity. The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Vit C, N,N0-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) and Lcysteine against CP-induced testicular oxidative damage in rats. Our data indicated significant increases in lipid peroxides (LPO), total peroxides and superoxide anion levels in testes of rats treated with CP (2 mg/kg/week, for 4 weeks) that was associated with a significant reduction in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The contents of glutathione (GSH), Vit E and Vit C were significantly lower in CP treated testes compared with these of control. The co-administration of CP with DPPD or L-cysteine significantly reduced the elevation in LPO, however the co-administration of CP with Vit C, DPPD or L-cysteine reduced the effect of CP on superoxide anion and antioxidant enzymes and also on the antioxidants contents. The administration of Vit C, DPPD or L-cysteine before CP injection improved the histological pictures and reduced the number of apoptotic cells and DPPD was more efficient. In conclusion, DPPD is a potent antioxidant, against CP-induced testicular oxidative damage, as compared with Vit C and L-cysteine

Oxidative stress has been proven to be involved in cisplatin (CP)-induced toxicity. The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Vit C, N,N0-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) and Lcysteine against CP-induced testicular oxidative damage in rats. Our data indicated significant increases in lipid peroxides (LPO), total peroxides and superoxide anion levels in testes of rats treated with CP (2 mg/kg/week, for 4 weeks) that was associated with a significant reduction in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The contents of glutathione (GSH), Vit E and Vit C were significantly lower in CP treated testes compared with these of control. The co-administration of CP with DPPD or L-cysteine significantly reduced the elevation in LPO, however the co-administration of CP with Vit C, DPPD or L-cysteine reduced the effect of CP on superoxide anion and antioxidant enzymes and also on the antioxidants contents. The administration of Vit C, DPPD or L-cysteine before CP injection improved the histological pictures and reduced the number of apoptotic cells and DPPD was more efficient. In conclusion, DPPD is a potent antioxidant, against CP-induced testicular oxidative damage, as compared with Vit C and L-cysteine