A study was carried out on the resistance of four cereal crops (barley, wheat, sorghum and maize) to cereal aphid species at Assiut, Egypt. The results obtained show that there were significant differences among the cultivars tested. Among the five barley cultivars; Giza 132 was highly susceptible while the remaining cultivars were moderately resistant. Among the five wheat varieties; Gemiza 11 and Giza 168 were highly susceptible, followed by cultivars Sids 12 and Shandauel 1. Sids 1 showed moderate resistance. Among the five sorghum cultivars; Dorado was highly susceptible and Sphinx was susceptible. The aphid population declined significantly on Giza 15 and Hourse that were relatively (slightly or low) resistant (RR). The lowest aphid number recorded on the local (Baldi) variety showed moderate resistance. Among the five maize cultivars; the local (Baldi) cultivar was highly susceptible, followed by Unico 6, Triple 310 and Unico 131 that showed relatively resistance. The remaining cultivar, Unico 81, was infested with a low number of aphids and showed moderate resistance. The influence of aphid infestation on grain yield losses of wheat and barley cultivars were also evaluated.

In this paper, 2-((3-Cyano-4,6-distyrylpyridin-2-yl)thio)acetamide (2) and its cyclized form, 3- amino-4,6-distyrylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (3), were prepared and their structure characterizations were performed by the means of elemental and spectroscopic analyses. Their biological activity as insecticides against cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch using acetamiprid insecticide as a reference was studied. The bioassay results for compounds (2) and (3) against nymphs of cowpea aphid showed that the LC50 values were 0.192 and 0.841 ppm, respectively, after 24 h of treatment but the LC50 values were 0.041 and 0.095 ppm, respectively, after 48 h of treatment. Furthermore, the bioassay results for compounds (2) and (3) showed that the LC50 values were 1.233 and 2.949 ppm, respectively, after 24 h of treatment and the LC50 values were 0.142 and 0.270 ppm, respectively, after 48 h of treatment against adults of cowpea aphid. Given these observations, it has been found that there is a remarkable relationship between the biological activity and the structure of the used compounds.

The citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) is a significant pest for Citrus spp. worldwide. Hence, the effectiveness of jasmonic acid (JA) was compared to three pesticides, abamectin, thiamethoxam, and acetamiprid, against P. citrella infesting mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.) and lime (C. aurantifolia L.) seedlings. Mortality rate was significantly different due to JA and other pesticides treatments. Moreover, on the 3rd day after treatment, JA demonstrated the highest reduction percentage of leafminer (77.08 and 33.33%) on mandarin and lime, respectively. By the 10th day after treatment, JA and abamectin displayed 100% reduction in both plant species. Furthermore, the foliar application of JA enhanced the most vegetative characteristics in the treated seedlings, including growth rate (shoot length/root length), fresh and dry weights of shoot and root as well as the number of leaves/seedling. Moreover, soluble protein content was increased significantly under JA treatment in the two Citrus spp. Jasmonic acid showed a good biological activity, which gives a practical reason to recommend it to be integrated in pest management programs as an alternative product for controlling P. citrella.

Three distyryl-containing compounds, namely, 2-((cyanomethyl)thio)-4,6-distyrylnicotinonitrile (2), 3-amino-4,6-distyrylthieno[2,3- b]pyridine-2-carbonitrile (3) and 2-((2-cyanoethyl)thio)-4,6-distyrylnicotinonitrile (4) have been prepared and characterized by elemental and spectroscopic analyses. The three compounds contain the pyridine moiety and are considered neonicotinoids analogues. Because neonicotinoids were considered the most effective pesticides, the biological activity of the distyryl-containing compounds as potential insecticides against cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch was evaluated. The agricultural bioactivity results of these compounds showed that the insecticidal activity varied from good to moderate against cowpea aphid insects.

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