ABSTRACT Although it is a normal process, menstruation is often accompanied by minor or sometimes major problems, like dysmenorrhea and irregularities. Health care professionals have an important role, as health educators and counselors, to provide adolescent girls with information about the normal menstrual cycle and menstruation. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of menstrual irregularities among nursing students faculty of nursing, Assiut University,& their associated knowledge, and the factors affecting it. A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. A systematic random sample of 215 students was recruited from all four years of the faculty of nursing, Assiut University. This sample size was calculated to estimate a prevalence of any irregularity . The mean age of students was 18.9±0,9 years. Most of the girls had their menarche at 12 to 15 years age. The period of menstrual flow from 4 to 6 days for (80.0%) of student, and (70.2%) had regular menses from its start., while only ( 26.5 %) had irregular menses , (73.7%) of them don’t take any action about this irregularities. As regard the knowledge related to menstruation it was very low, also it was found only (6.5%) of them had total satisfactory knowledg about menstruation. Also it was found that students whose educated mother had acorrect or satisfactory knowledge (78.6%) compared by un educated mother with a moderate statistical significant p=0.025..The present study was concluded that nursing students’ knowledge related to menstruation and menstrual irregularities is slightely deficient. It is recommended that the preparation of nursing students as future educators and counselors in this health issue should be given more attention.

ABSTRACT Although it is a normal process, menstruation is often accompanied by minor or sometimes major problems, like dysmenorrhea and irregularities. Health care professionals have an important role, as health educators and counselors, to provide adolescent girls with information about the normal menstrual cycle and menstruation. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of menstrual irregularities among nursing students faculty of nursing, Assiut University,& their associated knowledge, and the factors affecting it. A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. A systematic random sample of 215 students was recruited from all four years of the faculty of nursing, Assiut University. This sample size was calculated to estimate a prevalence of any irregularity . The mean age of students was 18.9±0,9 years. Most of the girls had their menarche at 12 to 15 years age. The period of menstrual flow from 4 to 6 days for (80.0%) of student, and (70.2%) had regular menses from its start., while only ( 26.5 %) had irregular menses , (73.7%) of them don’t take any action about this irregularities. As regard the knowledge related to menstruation it was very low, also it was found only (6.5%) of them had total satisfactory knowledg about menstruation. Also it was found that students whose educated mother had acorrect or satisfactory knowledge (78.6%) compared by un educated mother with a moderate statistical significant p=0.025..The present study was concluded that nursing students’ knowledge related to menstruation and menstrual irregularities is slightely deficient. It is recommended that the preparation of nursing students as future educators and counselors in this health issue should be given more attention.

ABSTRACT ---------------- Expectations and the actual breastfeeding experience differed among women planning to combination feed and those planning to exclusively breastfeed. Whether a cause or consequence daily human milk substitute feeding was associated with negative breast feeding outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of the type of delivery on successful breastfeeding .A sample of 80 women’s ( 40 women’s had normal delivery and the other 40 had cesarean section delivery). It was conducted at both out patient clinics ( post-partum and healthy baby )of Assiut University Hospital during the period from the first of May to the end of July 2003. Each mother interviewed individually to collect data using special interview sheet which included (demographic data, obstetric history, newborn data and data about breast feeding ). The results showed that the majority ( 75%) of mothers with vaginal delivery nursed their babies normally compared to (85%) of those with CS. who nursed their babies artificially. Regarding method of normal breastfeeding, it was found that ( 42.5%) of those with normal delivery nursed their babies as baby demand compared to only ( 15%) of those with CS.women. The majority (85%)of normal delivery women started external formula after 6 months compared to ( 55 %) of those with CS. delivery .As regard causing of starting external formula, it was found that nearly half ( 47.5 %) of CS. women start external formula early due to decreased production of milk and only(2.5%)due to maternal disease .About duration of breast feeding , results revealed that more than half ( 55%) of normal delivery women had successful breast feeding ( more than 6 month ) compared to only ( 15%) of CS. Women; with highly significant difference between both groups. The study shows also statistically significant difference between male and female newborns related to type of feeding .The present study recommended that increasing the level of awareness and knowledge of mother regarding breast feeding during antenatal period through mother classes. booklets and TV mass media lead to successful breast feeding.

ABSTRACT ---------------- Expectations and the actual breastfeeding experience differed among women planning to combination feed and those planning to exclusively breastfeed. Whether a cause or consequence daily human milk substitute feeding was associated with negative breast feeding outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of the type of delivery on successful breastfeeding .A sample of 80 women’s ( 40 women’s had normal delivery and the other 40 had cesarean section delivery). It was conducted at both out patient clinics ( post-partum and healthy baby )of Assiut University Hospital during the period from the first of May to the end of July 2003. Each mother interviewed individually to collect data using special interview sheet which included (demographic data, obstetric history, newborn data and data about breast feeding ). The results showed that the majority ( 75%) of mothers with vaginal delivery nursed their babies normally compared to (85%) of those with CS. who nursed their babies artificially. Regarding method of normal breastfeeding, it was found that ( 42.5%) of those with normal delivery nursed their babies as baby demand compared to only ( 15%) of those with CS.women. The majority (85%)of normal delivery women started external formula after 6 months compared to ( 55 %) of those with CS. delivery .As regard causing of starting external formula, it was found that nearly half ( 47.5 %) of CS. women start external formula early due to decreased production of milk and only(2.5%)due to maternal disease .About duration of breast feeding , results revealed that more than half ( 55%) of normal delivery women had successful breast feeding ( more than 6 month ) compared to only ( 15%) of CS. Women; with highly significant difference between both groups. The study shows also statistically significant difference between male and female newborns related to type of feeding .The present study recommended that increasing the level of awareness and knowledge of mother regarding breast feeding during antenatal period through mother classes. booklets and TV mass media lead to successful breast feeding.

Abstract: Food safety is an important part of public health that links health to agriculture and other food production sectors. For over a century, developments in food production and new control philosophies have contributed to food safety systems in most developed countries to be efficient in the prevention of food borne diseases. Seniors are at particular risk of food borne illnesses because of their weaken immune systems, decrease in stomach acidity and intestinal peristalsis, increase in the use of antibiotics and antacids drugs. The aim: The study aimed to assess the knowledge of the elderly people and their caregivers about food safety. The present study was carried out at Assiut city (urban) and Assiut district (rural) in Assiut governorate. Design: descriptive cross sectional research design. The subjects were 10% of the total number of the elderly people from every area was selected who aged 60 years and above and their caregivers involved in the study who available during the time of data collection. The total number of the studied subjects of the elderly was 720 (340 from urban and 380 from rural areas) and their caregivers (135 subjects). The results: The results revealed that (44.1%) of the urban and (52.1%) the rural elderly in addition to the majority of the urban caregivers (80%) and less than one fifth of the rural caregivers (17%) referred to the house wife as responsible for food safety, the majority of both the urban elderly (85.0%) and their caregivers (88.6%) and (62.4%) of the rural elderly and (69.0%) from their caregivers identify the presence of different diseases caused by contaminated food. Conclusion: the studied subjects from both the elderly and their caregivers had a lack of knowledge regarding the responsibility of food safety, the non-recommended food for the elderly, using of food engineering, pesticide residue elimination from the food.

Abstract: Food safety is an important part of public health that links health to agriculture and other food production sectors. For over a century, developments in food production and new control philosophies have contributed to food safety systems in most developed countries to be efficient in the prevention of food borne diseases. Seniors are at particular risk of food borne illnesses because of their weaken immune systems, decrease in stomach acidity and intestinal peristalsis, increase in the use of antibiotics and antacids drugs. The aim: The study aimed to assess the knowledge of the elderly people and their caregivers about food safety. The present study was carried out at Assiut city (urban) and Assiut district (rural) in Assiut governorate. Design: descriptive cross sectional research design. The subjects were 10% of the total number of the elderly people from every area was selected who aged 60 years and above and their caregivers involved in the study who available during the time of data collection. The total number of the studied subjects of the elderly was 720 (340 from urban and 380 from rural areas) and their caregivers (135 subjects). The results: The results revealed that (44.1%) of the urban and (52.1%) the rural elderly in addition to the majority of the urban caregivers (80%) and less than one fifth of the rural caregivers (17%) referred to the house wife as responsible for food safety, the majority of both the urban elderly (85.0%) and their caregivers (88.6%) and (62.4%) of the rural elderly and (69.0%) from their caregivers identify the presence of different diseases caused by contaminated food. Conclusion: the studied subjects from both the elderly and their caregivers had a lack of knowledge regarding the responsibility of food safety, the non-recommended food for the elderly, using of food engineering, pesticide residue elimination from the food.

Abstract: Food safety is an important part of public health that links health to agriculture and other food production sectors. For over a century, developments in food production and new control philosophies have contributed to food safety systems in most developed countries to be efficient in the prevention of food borne diseases. Seniors are at particular risk of food borne illnesses because of their weaken immune systems, decrease in stomach acidity and intestinal peristalsis, increase in the use of antibiotics and antacids drugs. The aim: The study aimed to assess the knowledge of the elderly people and their caregivers about food safety. The present study was carried out at Assiut city (urban) and Assiut district (rural) in Assiut governorate. Design: descriptive cross sectional research design. The subjects were 10% of the total number of the elderly people from every area was selected who aged 60 years and above and their caregivers involved in the study who available during the time of data collection. The total number of the studied subjects of the elderly was 720 (340 from urban and 380 from rural areas) and their caregivers (135 subjects). The results: The results revealed that (44.1%) of the urban and (52.1%) the rural elderly in addition to the majority of the urban caregivers (80%) and less than one fifth of the rural caregivers (17%) referred to the house wife as responsible for food safety, the majority of both the urban elderly (85.0%) and their caregivers (88.6%) and (62.4%) of the rural elderly and (69.0%) from their caregivers identify the presence of different diseases caused by contaminated food. Conclusion: the studied subjects from both the elderly and their caregivers had a lack of knowledge regarding the responsibility of food safety, the non-recommended food for the elderly, using of food engineering, pesticide residue elimination from the food.

Abstract: Background: Critical thinking and clinical judgment in nursing has been accentuated in response to the rapidly changing health care environment. Nurses must think critically and clinically judgment to provide quality of care and coping with the expansion in role associated with the complexities of current health care systems. Aim of the study: to assess critical thinking and clinical judgment skills for baccalaureate nursing students in EL-Minia University. Methodology: The study was developed within descriptive approach. Setting: The study was carried out at Faculty of Nursing in EL-Minia University. Subject: All Baccalaureate nursing students at Faculty of Nursing in EL-Minia University in the academic year 2010/2011 with total number (n=105). Tools of study: The study tools were two the first tool for critical thinking consisted of two parts 1st part related to socio demographic characteristics sheet &2ndpart was the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI), Second tool for clinical judgment. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between demographic characteristics (sex& residence) with critical thinking and clinical judgment items. Conclusions: The rate of urban and male student nurses were had high level in the total score of critical thinking. Moreover , rate of rural and female student nurses were had middle to high level in the total score of clinical judgment. Recommendations: Attending of nursing teachers a training program about how to identifying teaching strategies needed and how to use these strategies in effective ways for the development of critical thinking and clinical judgment skills for nursing students.

Abstract: Organizational commitment refers to the extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals. This study aim was to assess a set of variables that predict organizational commitment of nursing staff members, and to investigate the relationships among organizational commitment, organizational trust, and job satisfaction. This correlational cross-sectional was carried out on a convenience sample of 150 nurses in a Minia University Hospital. A self-administered questionnaire was used with an organizational commitment, an organizational trust, and a job satisfaction scales. Their reliability was good (Cronbach alpha coefficients 0.818, 0.728, and 0.831, respectively. Data collection was from April to May 2009. All the relevant principles of ethics in research were followed. The results revealed that 77.3% of the nurses had high commitment, while the organizational trust and job satisfaction were low, 48.0% and 24.0%, respectively. Job commitment had weak positive statistically significant correlations with trust (r=0.338), and job satisfaction (r=0.223). Job commitment and trust had weak positive statistically significant correlations with experience years, r=0.335, and r=0.210, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the statistically significant independent predictors of the nurses' commitment were their scores of job satisfaction and trust, and their marital status. The study concludes that despite the low levels of job satisfaction and trust, nurses' organizational commitment is high; still job satisfaction and trust are independent positive predictors of commitment. However, the study limitation of possible over-reporting of commitment and dissatisfaction needs to be considered interpreting the findings.

Abstract: Clinical teaching behavior is a critical determinant for quality clinical learning experiences of student nurses. Therefore, hospital nurses play an important role in effective clinical teaching. The aims of the present study were to investigate effectiveness of hospital nurses' clinical teaching, and to analyze and explain the reasons for their teaching performance. To achieve these aims a descriptive research design was utilized. This study was carried out in Assiut University Hospitals in the following departments; Medical, Surgical, I.C.U, Psychiatric, Pediatric, and Gynecological & Obstetric departments; the study sample included all head and staff nurses 288 currently assigned to work in the selected units. Tool of the study: A questionnaire sheet is consisted of three parts: the first part: related to socio-demographic characteristics of the study sample. It included 5 questions related to age, gender, place of work, qualifications, and years of experience; the second part: included 15 statements developed by Gulen Addis & Ayisa Karadag (2003) to investigate effectiveness of hospital nurses' clinical teaching, which includes patient care, management, research, and teaching role. The third part: included two open ended questions ask about nurses' reasons for their performance in clinical teaching; and their recommendations for improved clinical teaching performance. The study results: the majority of study sample were staff nurses, females aged less than 30 years, having diploma degree, and have more than 5 years of experience, from surgical department. Reliability of the tool revealed that the tool is highly reliable (α = 0.92).The result denoted that there was statistically significant differences as regard to the four roles of nurses in clinical teaching (care, management, research, and teaching roles) P≤0.05. On the light of the present findings the researcher recommended that: Cooperation between faculty of nursing and university hospitals must be initiated (Preceptor), improved conditions to motivate better clinical teaching, and summer training for nursing students. The registered nurse that providing patient care is the most commonly encountered role model for the nursing student, it is vital that hospitals established effective methods that will fully prepared them to take on the responsibility of education in the future. Hospital nurses must have poses characteristics of good clinical teachers such as supportive, encouraging, resourceful, confident, helpful, friendly, available, and having the student's interests at heart.