This study aimed to identify the magnitude of domestic violence and to assess the underlying factors for it among women seeking medical care from out patient clinics in Assiut University Hospitals. The study was conducted in four out patient clinics (antenatal, gynecological, family planning and sterility clinics) affiliated to Assiut University Hospitals. The studied sample age ranged from 18-49 years. The total number of the women was 1000. Two tools for data collection were used a quantitative (structured interview questionaire) used to collect data such as socio-demographic data, history of violence, underlying causes, health effects of violence upon women health status and a qualitative (FGDs) focus group discussions which utilized to gain insight and identify views of women regarding domestic violence. Data was collected during the period from October 2003 to September 2004. The results of the study revealed that 54.2% of wives and one third of (34.1%) of husbands were illiterate, while (21%) of wives and (31.3%) of husbands graduated from secondary school. The vast majority of the women were housewives, while 25.4% of husbands were employees. Regarding the residence, more than three quarters 78.2% of the study sample lives in rural areas, compared to 21.8% in urban areas. Concerning the history of violence against the wives, 41.3% of the studied sample experienced one or more types of violence. Physical violence was reported in the form of pushing, hitting, pushing on the floor and pulling hair in a percentage of 45%, 82.8%, 41.2% and 35.8%, respectively. As regard to the psychological abuse, the results show that 89.3% of wives faced violence verbally abused. The most important causes of domestic violence stated by women were husband relatives problems (33.1%), financial problems (21%), and household duties problems (e.g late preparing food, poor house hygiene) (20.8%). Concerning the psychosocial impact of violence upon wives health, 45% of wives faced violence not tell any one about abuse and keep it in her internal feeling, while 30.5% of them had a feeling of loneliness. A statistically significant difference was found between husband education, wife education and the presence of violence It was observed that as the education level of them increase the occurrence of violence became lesser. On the other hand, the results of the present study revealed that there is statistically significant difference between wife's age and violence, it was founded that about one third of wives who faced violence, their age ranged between 20-24 years and about 24.9% of them their age ranged between 25-29 years. Results of the qualitative part revealed that, women who don't face any type of violence since marriage stated that, love and respect between husbands was the key for being enjoy a stable and happy life till now. Based on the finding of the present study, it can be concluded that, domestic violence was found as a public health problem which has many consequences on health, physically and emotionally. The study recommended that health education programs should be directed toward increasing awareness of people about the problem of domestic violence and its effect upon family health and more studies should be directed toward studying the magnitude and prevalence of domestic violence. Thus community health care workers and other influential health providers can take the lead in introducing awareness and behavior change in the community.

This study aimed to identify the magnitude of domestic violence and to assess the underlying factors for it among women seeking medical care from out patient clinics in Assiut University Hospitals. The study was conducted in four out patient clinics (antenatal, gynecological, family planning and sterility clinics) affiliated to Assiut University Hospitals. The studied sample age ranged from 18-49 years. The total number of the women was 1000. Two tools for data collection were used a quantitative (structured interview questionaire) used to collect data such as socio-demographic data, history of violence, underlying causes, health effects of violence upon women health status and a qualitative (FGDs) focus group discussions which utilized to gain insight and identify views of women regarding domestic violence. Data was collected during the period from October 2003 to September 2004. The results of the study revealed that 54.2% of wives and one third of (34.1%) of husbands were illiterate, while (21%) of wives and (31.3%) of husbands graduated from secondary school. The vast majority of the women were housewives, while 25.4% of husbands were employees. Regarding the residence, more than three quarters 78.2% of the study sample lives in rural areas, compared to 21.8% in urban areas. Concerning the history of violence against the wives, 41.3% of the studied sample experienced one or more types of violence. Physical violence was reported in the form of pushing, hitting, pushing on the floor and pulling hair in a percentage of 45%, 82.8%, 41.2% and 35.8%, respectively. As regard to the psychological abuse, the results show that 89.3% of wives faced violence verbally abused. The most important causes of domestic violence stated by women were husband relatives problems (33.1%), financial problems (21%), and household duties problems (e.g late preparing food, poor house hygiene) (20.8%). Concerning the psychosocial impact of violence upon wives health, 45% of wives faced violence not tell any one about abuse and keep it in her internal feeling, while 30.5% of them had a feeling of loneliness. A statistically significant difference was found between husband education, wife education and the presence of violence It was observed that as the education level of them increase the occurrence of violence became lesser. On the other hand, the results of the present study revealed that there is statistically significant difference between wife's age and violence, it was founded that about one third of wives who faced violence, their age ranged between 20-24 years and about 24.9% of them their age ranged between 25-29 years. Results of the qualitative part revealed that, women who don't face any type of violence since marriage stated that, love and respect between husbands was the key for being enjoy a stable and happy life till now. Based on the finding of the present study, it can be concluded that, domestic violence was found as a public health problem which has many consequences on health, physically and emotionally. The study recommended that health education programs should be directed toward increasing awareness of people about the problem of domestic violence and its effect upon family health and more studies should be directed toward studying the magnitude and prevalence of domestic violence. Thus community health care workers and other influential health providers can take the lead in introducing awareness and behavior change in the community.

This study aimed to shed light on the various alternative therapies for infertility used among women, in addition to identify the factors that might be related to use of alternative therapies among women attending Assiut University Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics. The study had been conducted at outpatient clinics of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Assiut University Hospital. Any woman attending the clinic with the inclusion criterion of having infertility, primary or secondary was eligible for inclusion in the study sample. A convenience sample of 81 women fulfilling these criteria was consecutively recruited. An interview questionnaire sheet was developed by the investigators to collect data. The sheet included four sections divided to: first section for the socio demographic characteristics of women, second section on menstrual history of women, third section for the obstetric history for secondary infertility cases and the last section was concerned with infertility and alternative therapies. Data were collected during the period from the beginning of October 2006 to the end of January 2007. The study showed that the age of studied women ranged between 16 and 58 years, (85.2%) were housewives and (56.8%) were illiterate. Also the study revealed that (77.8%) had primary infertility while (22.2%) had secondary infertility. In (79.0%) of the sample, the wife was the cause of infertility. It was clear that (43.2%) of the study sample have consulted physician but (65.4%) of them have reported using alternative therapies as visiting holy shrines as a religious practice, going to cemeteries, using "hegab" and medicinal herbs. As the results show, neighbors were the main source of advice about the alternative therapies (56.6%). The study recommended that successful infertility programs should include health education about the causes of infertility in both men and women and where best to seek care. Alternative therapies must be provided with proper training, facilities backup for referral to any health resource for the common goal of improving the community health.

This study aimed to shed light on the various alternative therapies for infertility used among women, in addition to identify the factors that might be related to use of alternative therapies among women attending Assiut University Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics. The study had been conducted at outpatient clinics of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Assiut University Hospital. Any woman attending the clinic with the inclusion criterion of having infertility, primary or secondary was eligible for inclusion in the study sample. A convenience sample of 81 women fulfilling these criteria was consecutively recruited. An interview questionnaire sheet was developed by the investigators to collect data. The sheet included four sections divided to: first section for the socio demographic characteristics of women, second section on menstrual history of women, third section for the obstetric history for secondary infertility cases and the last section was concerned with infertility and alternative therapies. Data were collected during the period from the beginning of October 2006 to the end of January 2007. The study showed that the age of studied women ranged between 16 and 58 years, (85.2%) were housewives and (56.8%) were illiterate. Also the study revealed that (77.8%) had primary infertility while (22.2%) had secondary infertility. In (79.0%) of the sample, the wife was the cause of infertility. It was clear that (43.2%) of the study sample have consulted physician but (65.4%) of them have reported using alternative therapies as visiting holy shrines as a religious practice, going to cemeteries, using "hegab" and medicinal herbs. As the results show, neighbors were the main source of advice about the alternative therapies (56.6%). The study recommended that successful infertility programs should include health education about the causes of infertility in both men and women and where best to seek care. Alternative therapies must be provided with proper training, facilities backup for referral to any health resource for the common goal of improving the community health.

This study aimed to assess the knowledge of adolescent students in Assiut about reproductive health and explore the adolescent students attitude towards women’ empowerment and gender roles. The study was carried out in students’ hostels (male and female) of Assiut University as well as the Technical Nursing Institute hostel of Assiut University and Technical Health Institute of Ministry of Health, and Population (MOHP). A cross-sectional study design to implement this study a convenience sample of 800 students was recruited from the study settings. The inclusion criteria were being a registered student in any of the faculties of Assiut University in the chosen faculties which selected on random basis, also the Technical Nursing Institute of Assiut University and Technical Health Institute of Ministry of Health, and Population (MOHP) either male or female. Data were collection from beginning of Jan. to March 2007in academic years 2006/2007.The researchers designed a self-administered questionnaire for data collected. It consisted of five main parts. The first part was socio-demographic data, the second part was for testing knowledge of reproductive health, The third part was adopted from the Adolescents’ Attitude Towards Women’s Empowerment (ATWE) Index (Kann, 2001). The fourth part included statements testing adolescent’s attitude towards certain reproductive health issues. The fifth part was adopted from the Adolescents’ Attitude Towards Gender Roles (ATGR) index (Kann, 2001).results of the present study shows that adolescents’ age ranged between 17 to21 years. Slightly more than half of the sample was female students (52.3%). The highest percentages of fathers had secondary and university education, 28.8% and 34.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, about one-third of the mothers were illiterate (32.6%). More than half of the adolescents were living in urban areas (54.6%), and the majority had good family relations. Only about one-fourth of the adolescents (26.1%) had some information about reproductive health. The majority had satisfactory knowledge about appropriate pregnancy spacing (84.9%). Also the result illustrated that there is statistical significant difference between adolescents knowledge and there attitude in relation to satisfaction and unsatisfaction (r=0.34 p0,001). It is concluded that adolescents in the study settings lack proper knowledge about adolescents’ reproductive health. Also attitude towards reproductive health issues, women empowerment, and gender roles in the family. The study recommends to plan and implement educational programs for this age group regarding reproductive health women empowerment, and gender roles in the family. Also the role of the school is important, as evidenced by the study findings, health education should be integrated into secondary school programs as well as University education.

This study aimed to assess the knowledge of adolescent students in Assiut about reproductive health and explore the adolescent students attitude towards women’ empowerment and gender roles. The study was carried out in students’ hostels (male and female) of Assiut University as well as the Technical Nursing Institute hostel of Assiut University and Technical Health Institute of Ministry of Health, and Population (MOHP). A cross-sectional study design to implement this study a convenience sample of 800 students was recruited from the study settings. The inclusion criteria were being a registered student in any of the faculties of Assiut University in the chosen faculties which selected on random basis, also the Technical Nursing Institute of Assiut University and Technical Health Institute of Ministry of Health, and Population (MOHP) either male or female. Data were collection from beginning of Jan. to March 2007in academic years 2006/2007.The researchers designed a self-administered questionnaire for data collected. It consisted of five main parts. The first part was socio-demographic data, the second part was for testing knowledge of reproductive health, The third part was adopted from the Adolescents’ Attitude Towards Women’s Empowerment (ATWE) Index (Kann, 2001). The fourth part included statements testing adolescent’s attitude towards certain reproductive health issues. The fifth part was adopted from the Adolescents’ Attitude Towards Gender Roles (ATGR) index (Kann, 2001).results of the present study shows that adolescents’ age ranged between 17 to21 years. Slightly more than half of the sample was female students (52.3%). The highest percentages of fathers had secondary and university education, 28.8% and 34.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, about one-third of the mothers were illiterate (32.6%). More than half of the adolescents were living in urban areas (54.6%), and the majority had good family relations. Only about one-fourth of the adolescents (26.1%) had some information about reproductive health. The majority had satisfactory knowledge about appropriate pregnancy spacing (84.9%). Also the result illustrated that there is statistical significant difference between adolescents knowledge and there attitude in relation to satisfaction and unsatisfaction (r=0.34 p0,001). It is concluded that adolescents in the study settings lack proper knowledge about adolescents’ reproductive health. Also attitude towards reproductive health issues, women empowerment, and gender roles in the family. The study recommends to plan and implement educational programs for this age group regarding reproductive health women empowerment, and gender roles in the family. Also the role of the school is important, as evidenced by the study findings, health education should be integrated into secondary school programs as well as University education.

This study aimed to assess the knowledge of adolescent students in Assiut about reproductive health and explore the adolescent students attitude towards women’ empowerment and gender roles. The study was carried out in students’ hostels (male and female) of Assiut University as well as the Technical Nursing Institute hostel of Assiut University and Technical Health Institute of Ministry of Health, and Population (MOHP). A cross-sectional study design to implement this study a convenience sample of 800 students was recruited from the study settings. The inclusion criteria were being a registered student in any of the faculties of Assiut University in the chosen faculties which selected on random basis, also the Technical Nursing Institute of Assiut University and Technical Health Institute of Ministry of Health, and Population (MOHP) either male or female. Data were collection from beginning of Jan. to March 2007in academic years 2006/2007.The researchers designed a self-administered questionnaire for data collected. It consisted of five main parts. The first part was socio-demographic data, the second part was for testing knowledge of reproductive health, The third part was adopted from the Adolescents’ Attitude Towards Women’s Empowerment (ATWE) Index (Kann, 2001). The fourth part included statements testing adolescent’s attitude towards certain reproductive health issues. The fifth part was adopted from the Adolescents’ Attitude Towards Gender Roles (ATGR) index (Kann, 2001).results of the present study shows that adolescents’ age ranged between 17 to21 years. Slightly more than half of the sample was female students (52.3%). The highest percentages of fathers had secondary and university education, 28.8% and 34.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, about one-third of the mothers were illiterate (32.6%). More than half of the adolescents were living in urban areas (54.6%), and the majority had good family relations. Only about one-fourth of the adolescents (26.1%) had some information about reproductive health. The majority had satisfactory knowledge about appropriate pregnancy spacing (84.9%). Also the result illustrated that there is statistical significant difference between adolescents knowledge and there attitude in relation to satisfaction and unsatisfaction (r=0.34 p0,001). It is concluded that adolescents in the study settings lack proper knowledge about adolescents’ reproductive health. Also attitude towards reproductive health issues, women empowerment, and gender roles in the family. The study recommends to plan and implement educational programs for this age group regarding reproductive health women empowerment, and gender roles in the family. Also the role of the school is important, as evidenced by the study findings, health education should be integrated into secondary school programs as well as University education.

Nausea and vomiting may occur in as many as 90% of pregnancies, whereas hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) represents a more severe condition and is potentially lethal if not treated. HG affects 0.5–2% of all pregnancies, and is defined as persisting nausea and vomiting leading to dehydration, weight loss and nutritional deficiencies starting before the 22nd week of gestation. The aim of the study was to identify the prevalence and risk factors of hyperemesis gravidarum among pregnant women at the Woman's Health Center, Assiut University, Egypt. A cross sectional research was used in carrying out this study. The sample consisted of 94 pregnant women with Hyperemesis Gravidarum who were admitted to the Antenatal Inpatient Wards at the Woman's Health Center for one year. The results of this study explored that the prevalence of Hyperemesis Gravidarum at the Egyptian Woman’s Health Center was 4.5%. As regards the current antenatal risk factors that aggravate hyperemesis gravidarum, the highest percentage (26.6%) of women had gastrointestinal diseases. Moreover, (19.1%) had more than one factors and more than one sixth (16%) had urinary tract infection. Three quarters of women diagnosed with hyperemesis gravidarum admitted to the hospital for the first time and 94.6% of them admitted at the first trimester. In the light of the present study findings, it can be concluded that the overall hospital rate of hyperemesis gravidarum at the Woman’s Health Center, Assiut University, Egypt was 4.5% which was considered a high prevalence in relation to the universal prevalence of hyperemesis gravidarum. The most common risk factors of hyperemesis gravidarum were gastrointestinal diseases, urinary tract infection and multiple pregnancy. A larger study is needed to establish the different prevalence and risk factors of Hyperemesis Gravidarum on large number of population among different Maternity Health Care Setting. An exploration of high prevalence of Hyperemesis Gravidarum recommended that the physicians and maternity nurses should pay more attention to these women who were diagnosed with Hyperemesis Gravidarum.

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