Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may lead to severe long-term health consequences, such as renal failure, blindness, as well as heart and cerebrovascular disease. Although a direct relationship between blood glucose control and diabetes complications remains to be established beyond doubt, most diabetologists aim to achieve the best possible glucose control in their patients with T1DM. The aim of this study was to detect the predictors of glycemic control among children with T1DM in Assiut Governorate-Egypt. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 415 children aged 2 to 18 years with type 1 diabetes of >1-year duration. They were subjected to full history including demographic factors and disease-related factors. Examination was done with determination of the body mass index, and assessment of stage of maturity. Investigations included hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lipid profile. Patients with HbA1c above the recommended values for age by the American Diabetes Association were considered as poor glycemic control group. Results: Of the studied cases, 190 cases (45.8%) were of poor glycemic control. Patients with poor control had significantly higher mean age (16.83 ± 3.3 vs 9.77 ± 3.7, P0.000). Girls aged 15 years or more had significantly higher prevalence of poor glycemic control than males of the same age group. As regard the disease-related factors, patients with poor control had significantly longer duration of disease (7.94 ± 2.6 vs 2.40 ± 2.0, P0.000) and were older in age at onset of disease. Insulin regimen which consists of basal bolus insulin plus three injections of regular insulin was associated with more frequency of good glycemic control than other regimens. Patients with poor control had significantly higher mean of cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than patients with good control. Adjusting for other variables, age of the patients, duration of disease, and serum TG level were significant independent risk factors of poor glycemic control. Conclusions: This study concluded that children more than 15 years, duration of disease more than 5 years, and high serum TG level are the predictors of poor glycemic control of children with T1DM in Assiut-Egypt. Pediatricians need to be aware of factors associated with poor glycemic control in children with T1DM, so that more effective measures can be implemented to prevent deterioration in diabetes control.

This cross sectional study was done in aswan Governorate to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and to identify the risk factors for infection in primary school children in this geographical area. The results will facilitate evaluation of the endemic level of different intestinal parasites and the determination of whether widespread or focal measures of parasite control are required. After obtaining official permission from the school administration, information and consent forms were prepared and given to the parents of all the study participants. three-hundreds children aged between 6-12 year were enrolled; a detailed questionnaire, complete clinical assessment complete as well as stool analysis was done The study revealed that Prevalence of parasitic infection was 31%. Single parasitic infection in 26% and mixed infection in 5%.The commonest helminthic infection was. E vermicularis 6.6% followed by H.nana 3% Ascaris 1%. The commonest protozol infection was E.histolytica 8.3% followed by Giardia 3.7% and Cryptosporidium 1.7% Mixed infection was in form of E vermicularis plus E.histolytica in 23.4%, E vermicularis plus Giardia in 17.6%, E vermicularis plus Cryptospordium in 11.8%, E.histolytica plus H nana in 11.85%, Ascaris plus E. histolytica in 17.6%%, Giardia plus E. histolytica in 11.8%. Parasitic infestation was more prevalent in boys 53.8% than girls 46.2%. Parasitic infestation was more prevalent in rural children 39.73% than urban children 20.13%. Age ranged from 6 to 12 years with a mean of 8.97±1.72 years.

This cross sectional study was done in aswan Governorate to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and to identify the risk factors for infection in primary school children in this geographical area. The results will facilitate evaluation of the endemic level of different intestinal parasites and the determination of whether widespread or focal measures of parasite control are required. After obtaining official permission from the school administration, information and consent forms were prepared and given to the parents of all the study participants. three-hundreds children aged between 6-12 year were enrolled; a detailed questionnaire, complete clinical assessment complete as well as stool analysis was done The study revealed that Prevalence of parasitic infection was 31%. Single parasitic infection in 26% and mixed infection in 5%.The commonest helminthic infection was. E vermicularis 6.6% followed by H.nana 3% Ascaris 1%. The commonest protozol infection was E.histolytica 8.3% followed by Giardia 3.7% and Cryptosporidium 1.7% Mixed infection was in form of E vermicularis plus E.histolytica in 23.4%, E vermicularis plus Giardia in 17.6%, E vermicularis plus Cryptospordium in 11.8%, E.histolytica plus H nana in 11.85%, Ascaris plus E. histolytica in 17.6%%, Giardia plus E. histolytica in 11.8%. Parasitic infestation was more prevalent in boys 53.8% than girls 46.2%. Parasitic infestation was more prevalent in rural children 39.73% than urban children 20.13%. Age ranged from 6 to 12 years with a mean of 8.97±1.72 years.

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n order to elucidate the present status of filariasis in Assiut Governorate, humans dogs, equines, camels and cattle were surveyed. No Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae could be detected in 400 human blood samples collected from the endemic areas between 10 p.m. and 2 a.m. On the other hand, five clinical cases of elephantiasis were recorded, which were amicrofilaraemic. Dirofilaria repens non sheathed microfilaria was recorded for the first time in Egypt from the peripheral blood of four out 30 (13.3%) dogs. Onchocerca cervicalis microfilaria was detected in the umblical skin in one out of 30 (3.3%) donkeys. The non sheathed Onchocerca reticulata and the sheathed Setaria equina microfilariae were found in the peripheral blood of three (6%) and eight (16%) out of 50 donkeys respectively. Dipetalonema evansi microfilariae was recovered in peripheral blood of one out of 15 (6.6%) camels. No microfilariae could be detected in the umbilical skins of 130 cows and buffaloes. The role of the above mentioned microfilariae in producing human morbidity is discussed

n order to elucidate the present status of filariasis in Assiut Governorate, humans dogs, equines, camels and cattle were surveyed. No Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae could be detected in 400 human blood samples collected from the endemic areas between 10 p.m. and 2 a.m. On the other hand, five clinical cases of elephantiasis were recorded, which were amicrofilaraemic. Dirofilaria repens non sheathed microfilaria was recorded for the first time in Egypt from the peripheral blood of four out 30 (13.3%) dogs. Onchocerca cervicalis microfilaria was detected in the umblical skin in one out of 30 (3.3%) donkeys. The non sheathed Onchocerca reticulata and the sheathed Setaria equina microfilariae were found in the peripheral blood of three (6%) and eight (16%) out of 50 donkeys respectively. Dipetalonema evansi microfilariae was recovered in peripheral blood of one out of 15 (6.6%) camels. No microfilariae could be detected in the umbilical skins of 130 cows and buffaloes. The role of the above mentioned microfilariae in producing human morbidity is discussed

n order to elucidate the present status of filariasis in Assiut Governorate, humans dogs, equines, camels and cattle were surveyed. No Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae could be detected in 400 human blood samples collected from the endemic areas between 10 p.m. and 2 a.m. On the other hand, five clinical cases of elephantiasis were recorded, which were amicrofilaraemic. Dirofilaria repens non sheathed microfilaria was recorded for the first time in Egypt from the peripheral blood of four out 30 (13.3%) dogs. Onchocerca cervicalis microfilaria was detected in the umblical skin in one out of 30 (3.3%) donkeys. The non sheathed Onchocerca reticulata and the sheathed Setaria equina microfilariae were found in the peripheral blood of three (6%) and eight (16%) out of 50 donkeys respectively. Dipetalonema evansi microfilariae was recovered in peripheral blood of one out of 15 (6.6%) camels. No microfilariae could be detected in the umbilical skins of 130 cows and buffaloes. The role of the above mentioned microfilariae in producing human morbidity is discussed

n order to elucidate the present status of filariasis in Assiut Governorate, humans dogs, equines, camels and cattle were surveyed. No Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae could be detected in 400 human blood samples collected from the endemic areas between 10 p.m. and 2 a.m. On the other hand, five clinical cases of elephantiasis were recorded, which were amicrofilaraemic. Dirofilaria repens non sheathed microfilaria was recorded for the first time in Egypt from the peripheral blood of four out 30 (13.3%) dogs. Onchocerca cervicalis microfilaria was detected in the umblical skin in one out of 30 (3.3%) donkeys. The non sheathed Onchocerca reticulata and the sheathed Setaria equina microfilariae were found in the peripheral blood of three (6%) and eight (16%) out of 50 donkeys respectively. Dipetalonema evansi microfilariae was recovered in peripheral blood of one out of 15 (6.6%) camels. No microfilariae could be detected in the umbilical skins of 130 cows and buffaloes. The role of the above mentioned microfilariae in producing human morbidity is discussed

Setaria equina crude antigen was used for the first time in diagnosis of human bancroftian filariasis by using ELISA. The adult worms of Setaria equina were collected washed grounded in cold PBS, using homogenizer, and centrifuged. The supernatant was used as the adult antigen. Fractionation of the whole S.equina crude antigen was done by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three bands were obtained at 25.4 KD, 27.5 KD and 29.9 KD. The prepared whole S.equina crude antigen was used in ELLSA test for diagnosis of humans bancroftian filariasis and S. equina infection in donkey as well. The sensitivity and specificity of the test in equines were 100% and 80% respectively, while in human bancroftian filariasis the sensitivity and specificity, was 71% and 71.43% respectively. ELISA proved to be reliable and sensitive test and could be used in sero diagnosis of W. bancrofti and S.equina infection in both humans and equines as well. This test proved to overcome the problem arising from sampling the patients at the midnight, furthermore antigen prepared from S.equina adult worm was more economic than the imported other antigens prepared from D.immitis and others.