Corneal ulcers me major problems in our country, the patients usually seek medical advice late, so most of these ulcers usually resist medical treatment and therapeutic keratoplasty may be the only procedure to preserve the eye both anatomically and functionally. In this study we examined 30 corneal buttons removed by therapeutic keratoplasty from patients suffering from corneal ulcers resistant to medical therapy Examination was done using light microscopy for sections stained with H and E, PAS and silver stains. Bacterial infection was suspected in 43.3% of the specimens, viral etiology in 33.3%. and Acanthamoeba in [13.4%]. Three buttons [100%] proved to be of fungal aetiology [as demonstrated by PAS stain] This study indicates the importance of Histopathologic examination of corneal buttons inpatients undergoing therapeutic keratoplasty for resistant corneal ulcers and this may help the physician to know the etiology of these ulcers and to select the ideal post operative antimicrobial therapy

Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. Despite therapeutic advances, the majority of gliomas do not respond to either chemo or radiotherapy. CD117, the gene product of c-kit has been expressed in glial tumors. Because gastrointestinal stromal tumors [GISTs] that express CD117 respond dramatically to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, identification of glial tumors that express CD117 might open new therapeutic approaches for treatment of these tumors. This work was planned to study the role of CD117 [KIT] in the development and progression of gliomas mainly astrocytomas. Also, to assess if CD117 might serve as a biomarker for those gliomas that might respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We studied 71 cases of gliomas. They were 59 astrocytomas, 9 ependymomas, 2 mixed oligoastrocytomas and single case of anaplastic oligodendroglioma. Paraffin embedded sections were immunostained using primary antibodies against CD117. Antigen antibody reaction was detected by streptavidin-biotin kit. In the present work, CD 117 immunoreactivity was noted in different grades of astrocytomas. The CD 117 average weighted scores showed gradual upregulation with increasing grade from pilocytic astrocytoma [16.7%]-diffuse astrocytoma grade II [33.3%]-anaplaslic astrocytoma [66.7%]-glioblastoma multiforme [79.3%.]. Majority of the gliomas [57.7%.] were found to express CD117 to varying degrees, and high grade tumors [78.6%] had a higher proportion of CD117 expression than low grade tumors [27.6%]. In 21.12% of studied cases, the CD117 was expressed in endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels. Twelve cases of them [80%] were most prominent in microvascular proliferations of high grade tumors and eleven cases of them showed strong intensity. High grade astrocytomas [especially glioblastoma multiforme] showed more frequent and strong expression of CD117, this indicate that CD] 117 may has possible role in early astrocytoma tumorigenesis and in progression. Also, CD117 may serve as a biomarker for those gliomas that respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs

This study highlights the prognostic impact of FOXP3 and CD68 expression in DLBCL, NOS and in its GCB and non‐GCB subtypes. This may help the development of individualized therapy, prognostic prediction and therapy stratification.

Thrombomodulin [TM] is a surface glycoprotein involved in the regulation of intravascular coagulation that has been reported to be expressed in a variety of tumours including mesothelimas, endothelial vascular tumours, squamous carcinomas and transitional mesothelimas. This study was conducted to evaluate TM expression in a variety of urinary bladder carcinomas [Bilharzial and non-Bilharzial] using immunohistochemical techniques. Fifty eight bladder carcinomas were examined [20 were squamous cell carcinomas [SCC], 24 transitional cell carcinomas [TCC] and 14 adenocarcinomas]. Of these 58 cases, 26 were Bilharzial associated bladder cancer [BBC]. TM immunostaining was noticed in 24/26 [92%] of BBC compared to 50% in non-Bilharzial. In cases of SCC positivity for TM was 100% either Bilharzial or non-Bilharzial and the intensity of staining decreased with the grade of the tumour. In TCC, TM immunostaining was slightly higher in Bilharzial than in non-Bilharzial associated tumours, 80% compared to 71% respectively but, the intensity of sttaining increased with the grade of the tumour. Only 2 of the 14 adenocarcinomas of the bladder examined showed focal TM immunostaining in the areas of squamous cell differentiation. No explanation could be found for the predominance of TM expression in Bilharzial than in non-Bilharzial bladder cancer and so, long term studies onlarge number of cases may be able to explain such observation

Amyloid goiter (AG) is a rare but well-established disease entity that may occur in a number of conditions. In the following article, we will report two cases of AG. Both patients were young males: 28 & 24 years old, presented with rapidly enlarging thyroid gland manifested with pressure effects (dyspnea and hoarseness of voice). Provisional clinical diagnosis was malignant thyroid neoplasm. One of the patients was markedly hypothyroid while the other was euthyroid. Histopathological evaluation revealed extracellular deposition of deep pink homogenous material that was confirmed as amyloid with congo red. Patient in case 1 was primary localized AG while patient in case 2 was systemic amyloidosis secondary to interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) that was first manifested by AG. The main aims of the article were to describe histopathological features of amyloidosis of the thyroid gland and to raise awareness of AG to be included in the differential diagnosis in patients presented with rapidly enlarging goiter with mass effects.

Background

Immunohistochemistry plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and in its distinction from other primary and metastatic neoplasms. In this study, we examined the expression of MOC-31 (Anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule monoclonal antibody, clone number-31), hepatocyte paraffin 1 (Hep Par 1), and N-cadherin in primary carcinoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma (AC) in the liver.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of MOC-31, Hep Par 1, and N-cadherin in the differential diagnosis of primary carcinoma and metastatic AC in the liver.

Materials and methods

The present study included 56 specimens from cases of primary and metastatic liver tumors, including 20 primary HCCs in the liver, five intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, and 31 metastatic ACs in the liver. They were studied to evaluate MOC-31, Hep Par 1, and N-cadherin expression using immunohistochemistry.

Background

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is considered the commonest subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the world. It is a refractory disease with a high mortality rate due to frequent relapses. Several prognostic parameters are now widely studied for risk stratification and achieving a better outcome.

Objectives

In this study, we aim to assess the prognostic value of immunohistochemical expression of CD10, BCL6, and MUM1 independently as surrogate markers for cell of origin (COO) classification of DLBCL and their correlation with clinicopathological characters and survival.

Patients and methods

This is a retrospective study conducted on 63 cases of DLBCL, NOS. Full-faced sections were constructed and immunostained for CD10, BCL6, and MUM1.

Results

CD10 expression was associated with early-stage (P=0.003), normal serum LDH level (P=0.022), absence of B symptoms (P=0.019), low international prognostic index (IPI) and age-adjusted-IPI (P=0.001) and also associated with longer progression free survival (PFS) (P=0.006). BCL6 expression was associated with centroblastic variant (P=0.005), good ECOG performance status (P=0.038) and low IPI (P=0.004) and also associated with better overall survival (OS) (P=0.028) and PFS (P=0.018). MUM1 expression was associated with advanced-stage (P=0.002) while no significant association was detected with other clinicopathological parameters or survival. Conclusion CD10, BCL6, and MUM1 can be used independently as prognostic immunohistochemical markers for DLBCL that may denote the clinical behavior of the disease and further patients'