Background and Purpose: The neurophysiological characteristics of motor cortex have been well characterized in patients with Huntington’s disease. We present the first data on cortical excitability in patients with Sydenham’s chorea. Methods: Motor cortex excitability was examined using transcranial magnetic stimulation in 16 patients in the early clinical stages of Sydenham’s chorea and in 17 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Investigations included resting and active motor threshold, motor evoked potential, input–output curves, contralateral silent period, and transcallosal inhibition. Results: Resting and active motor threshold were significantly higher and motor evoked potentials were significantly smaller in patients in comparison with controls. The input–output curves were shallower in both hemispheres of patients with chorea compared with controls. No significant differences were seen in silent period or transcallosal inhibition duration. Conclusion: Sydenham’s chorea is characterized by reduced excitability of corticospinal output similar to that observed in Huntington’s disease. VC 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

Background and Purpose: The neurophysiological characteristics of motor cortex have been well characterized in patients with Huntington’s disease. We present the first data on cortical excitability in patients with Sydenham’s chorea. Methods: Motor cortex excitability was examined using transcranial magnetic stimulation in 16 patients in the early clinical stages of Sydenham’s chorea and in 17 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Investigations included resting and active motor threshold, motor evoked potential, input–output curves, contralateral silent period, and transcallosal inhibition. Results: Resting and active motor threshold were significantly higher and motor evoked potentials were significantly smaller in patients in comparison with controls. The input–output curves were shallower in both hemispheres of patients with chorea compared with controls. No significant differences were seen in silent period or transcallosal inhibition duration. Conclusion: Sydenham’s chorea is characterized by reduced excitability of corticospinal output similar to that observed in Huntington’s disease. VC 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

Background and Purpose: The neurophysiological characteristics of motor cortex have been well characterized in patients with Huntington’s disease. We present the first data on cortical excitability in patients with Sydenham’s chorea. Methods: Motor cortex excitability was examined using transcranial magnetic stimulation in 16 patients in the early clinical stages of Sydenham’s chorea and in 17 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Investigations included resting and active motor threshold, motor evoked potential, input–output curves, contralateral silent period, and transcallosal inhibition. Results: Resting and active motor threshold were significantly higher and motor evoked potentials were significantly smaller in patients in comparison with controls. The input–output curves were shallower in both hemispheres of patients with chorea compared with controls. No significant differences were seen in silent period or transcallosal inhibition duration. Conclusion: Sydenham’s chorea is characterized by reduced excitability of corticospinal output similar to that observed in Huntington’s disease. VC 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

Background and Purpose: The neurophysiological characteristics of motor cortex have been well characterized in patients with Huntington’s disease. We present the first data on cortical excitability in patients with Sydenham’s chorea. Methods: Motor cortex excitability was examined using transcranial magnetic stimulation in 16 patients in the early clinical stages of Sydenham’s chorea and in 17 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Investigations included resting and active motor threshold, motor evoked potential, input–output curves, contralateral silent period, and transcallosal inhibition. Results: Resting and active motor threshold were significantly higher and motor evoked potentials were significantly smaller in patients in comparison with controls. The input–output curves were shallower in both hemispheres of patients with chorea compared with controls. No significant differences were seen in silent period or transcallosal inhibition duration. Conclusion: Sydenham’s chorea is characterized by reduced excitability of corticospinal output similar to that observed in Huntington’s disease. VC 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

Abstract OBJECTIVES: A limited number of electroencephalography (EEG) studies in nocturnal enuresis (NE) have reported cortical dysmaturity. The aim of the present study was to test this notion by examining cortical excitability in subjects with nocturnal enuresis (NE) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We investigated 41 patients with NE meeting the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for NE, and 18 age- and sex-matched controls. Each subject was assessed clinically regarding frequency, duration of enuresis and Health Survey Measurement. Neurophysiological measures included resting and active motor thresholds (RMT, AMT), motor evoked potentials (MEP) of upper and lower limbs, cortical silent period duration (CSP) and transcallosal inhibition (TCI), in the upper limbs. RESULTS: Patients had a significantly lower Health Survey Measurement score for both physical and mental health components compared to the control group. RMT and AMT of both upper and lower limbs as well as the duration of the CSP and TCI were significantly reduced compared with the control group. There was significant positive correlation between RMT, AMT and Health Survey Measurement scores, especially Social Functioning. CONCLUSION: Patients with nocturnal enuresis are characterized by pathologically increased excitability and reduced inhibitory processing in the motor cortex, which could contribute to the pathogenesis of nocturnal enuresis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov .

Abstract OBJECTIVES: A limited number of electroencephalography (EEG) studies in nocturnal enuresis (NE) have reported cortical dysmaturity. The aim of the present study was to test this notion by examining cortical excitability in subjects with nocturnal enuresis (NE) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We investigated 41 patients with NE meeting the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for NE, and 18 age- and sex-matched controls. Each subject was assessed clinically regarding frequency, duration of enuresis and Health Survey Measurement. Neurophysiological measures included resting and active motor thresholds (RMT, AMT), motor evoked potentials (MEP) of upper and lower limbs, cortical silent period duration (CSP) and transcallosal inhibition (TCI), in the upper limbs. RESULTS: Patients had a significantly lower Health Survey Measurement score for both physical and mental health components compared to the control group. RMT and AMT of both upper and lower limbs as well as the duration of the CSP and TCI were significantly reduced compared with the control group. There was significant positive correlation between RMT, AMT and Health Survey Measurement scores, especially Social Functioning. CONCLUSION: Patients with nocturnal enuresis are characterized by pathologically increased excitability and reduced inhibitory processing in the motor cortex, which could contribute to the pathogenesis of nocturnal enuresis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov .

Abstract OBJECTIVES: A limited number of electroencephalography (EEG) studies in nocturnal enuresis (NE) have reported cortical dysmaturity. The aim of the present study was to test this notion by examining cortical excitability in subjects with nocturnal enuresis (NE) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We investigated 41 patients with NE meeting the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for NE, and 18 age- and sex-matched controls. Each subject was assessed clinically regarding frequency, duration of enuresis and Health Survey Measurement. Neurophysiological measures included resting and active motor thresholds (RMT, AMT), motor evoked potentials (MEP) of upper and lower limbs, cortical silent period duration (CSP) and transcallosal inhibition (TCI), in the upper limbs. RESULTS: Patients had a significantly lower Health Survey Measurement score for both physical and mental health components compared to the control group. RMT and AMT of both upper and lower limbs as well as the duration of the CSP and TCI were significantly reduced compared with the control group. There was significant positive correlation between RMT, AMT and Health Survey Measurement scores, especially Social Functioning. CONCLUSION: Patients with nocturnal enuresis are characterized by pathologically increased excitability and reduced inhibitory processing in the motor cortex, which could contribute to the pathogenesis of nocturnal enuresis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov .

Abstract OBJECTIVES: A limited number of electroencephalography (EEG) studies in nocturnal enuresis (NE) have reported cortical dysmaturity. The aim of the present study was to test this notion by examining cortical excitability in subjects with nocturnal enuresis (NE) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We investigated 41 patients with NE meeting the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for NE, and 18 age- and sex-matched controls. Each subject was assessed clinically regarding frequency, duration of enuresis and Health Survey Measurement. Neurophysiological measures included resting and active motor thresholds (RMT, AMT), motor evoked potentials (MEP) of upper and lower limbs, cortical silent period duration (CSP) and transcallosal inhibition (TCI), in the upper limbs. RESULTS: Patients had a significantly lower Health Survey Measurement score for both physical and mental health components compared to the control group. RMT and AMT of both upper and lower limbs as well as the duration of the CSP and TCI were significantly reduced compared with the control group. There was significant positive correlation between RMT, AMT and Health Survey Measurement scores, especially Social Functioning. CONCLUSION: Patients with nocturnal enuresis are characterized by pathologically increased excitability and reduced inhibitory processing in the motor cortex, which could contribute to the pathogenesis of nocturnal enuresis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov .

Abstract OBJECTIVES: A limited number of electroencephalography (EEG) studies in nocturnal enuresis (NE) have reported cortical dysmaturity. The aim of the present study was to test this notion by examining cortical excitability in subjects with nocturnal enuresis (NE) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We investigated 41 patients with NE meeting the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for NE, and 18 age- and sex-matched controls. Each subject was assessed clinically regarding frequency, duration of enuresis and Health Survey Measurement. Neurophysiological measures included resting and active motor thresholds (RMT, AMT), motor evoked potentials (MEP) of upper and lower limbs, cortical silent period duration (CSP) and transcallosal inhibition (TCI), in the upper limbs. RESULTS: Patients had a significantly lower Health Survey Measurement score for both physical and mental health components compared to the control group. RMT and AMT of both upper and lower limbs as well as the duration of the CSP and TCI were significantly reduced compared with the control group. There was significant positive correlation between RMT, AMT and Health Survey Measurement scores, especially Social Functioning. CONCLUSION: Patients with nocturnal enuresis are characterized by pathologically increased excitability and reduced inhibitory processing in the motor cortex, which could contribute to the pathogenesis of nocturnal enuresis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov .

Abstract OBJECTIVES: A limited number of electroencephalography (EEG) studies in nocturnal enuresis (NE) have reported cortical dysmaturity. The aim of the present study was to test this notion by examining cortical excitability in subjects with nocturnal enuresis (NE) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We investigated 41 patients with NE meeting the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for NE, and 18 age- and sex-matched controls. Each subject was assessed clinically regarding frequency, duration of enuresis and Health Survey Measurement. Neurophysiological measures included resting and active motor thresholds (RMT, AMT), motor evoked potentials (MEP) of upper and lower limbs, cortical silent period duration (CSP) and transcallosal inhibition (TCI), in the upper limbs. RESULTS: Patients had a significantly lower Health Survey Measurement score for both physical and mental health components compared to the control group. RMT and AMT of both upper and lower limbs as well as the duration of the CSP and TCI were significantly reduced compared with the control group. There was significant positive correlation between RMT, AMT and Health Survey Measurement scores, especially Social Functioning. CONCLUSION: Patients with nocturnal enuresis are characterized by pathologically increased excitability and reduced inhibitory processing in the motor cortex, which could contribute to the pathogenesis of nocturnal enuresis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov .