Several studies have demonstrated that uremic patients who have preserved left ventricular (LV) systolic function could still have subtle systolic dysfunction. In our study, we assessed the right ventricular (RV) and LV myocardial functions measured by conventional echocardiography and two-dimensional (2D) longitudinal speckle-tracking in hemodialysis and non-dialysis recently diagnosed uremic patients. The study population consisted of 24 newly diagnosed uremic patients, 25 hemodialysis patients, and 20 healthy controls. The RV and LV longitudinal strains were significantly lower in patients than in controls (
9.6 vs.
15.3, P 0.001 for RV and
11.3 vs.
14.8, p 0.001 for LV). In the hemodialysis group, the RV longitudinal strain was significantly lower than in the non-dialysis group (p = 0.018). The RV longitudinal strain was correlated with hypertension and LV strain. The 2-D longitudinal speckle tracking can detect early ventricular (left and right) systolic dysfunction in patients with uremia in the presence of normal systolic function by conventional methods.

Several studies have demonstrated that uremic patients who have preserved left ventricular (LV) systolic function could still have subtle systolic dysfunction. In our study, we assessed the right ventricular (RV) and LV myocardial functions measured by conventional echocardiography and two-dimensional (2D) longitudinal speckle-tracking in hemodialysis and non-dialysis recently diagnosed uremic patients. The study population consisted of 24 newly diagnosed uremic patients, 25 hemodialysis patients, and 20 healthy controls. The RV and LV longitudinal strains were significantly lower in patients than in controls (
9.6 vs.
15.3, P 0.001 for RV and
11.3 vs.
14.8, p 0.001 for LV). In the hemodialysis group, the RV longitudinal strain was significantly lower than in the non-dialysis group (p = 0.018). The RV longitudinal strain was correlated with hypertension and LV strain. The 2-D longitudinal speckle tracking can detect early ventricular (left and right) systolic dysfunction in patients with uremia in the presence of normal systolic function by conventional methods.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. Individuals exposed to HBV show wide spectrum outcomes including immunized persons, asymptomatic carrier, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC. The outcome of HBV infection and the severity of associated liver diseases are determined by the nature and strength of host immune responses against the virus. There is accumulating evidence that the innate branch of the host immune system plays an important role in the control of HBV infection. Various components, such as natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, dendritic cells, cytokines, chemokines and toll-like receptor (TLR) contribute to this nonspecific innate immune response .TLR3 play an important role in innate immune response against viral pathogens. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR3 could be considered as factors for the susceptibility to viral pathogens including HBV. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of six SNPs of the TLR3 gene in patients infected with HBV and to study the relation between these SNPs and the clearance of hepatitis B virus. These SNPs were tested by direct sequencing. Three groups were investigated: chronic HBV carrier (25 patients), chronic active HBV carrier (16 patients) and 13 persons who are previously exposed to HBV and become immunized. These 3 groups were examined for six SNPs (rs5743311, rs5743312, rs5743313, rs5743314, rs5743315, and rs78726532). The analysis confirmed that GCTCCA haplotype and CCA haplotype showed significant higher frequency in immunized group when compared to chronic hepatitis B groups. These findings indicate that genetic variations in the TLR3 gene could affect the outcome of HBV infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. Individuals exposed to HBV show wide spectrum outcomes including immunized persons, asymptomatic carrier, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC. The outcome of HBV infection and the severity of associated liver diseases are determined by the nature and strength of host immune responses against the virus. There is accumulating evidence that the innate branch of the host immune system plays an important role in the control of HBV infection. Various components, such as natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, dendritic cells, cytokines, chemokines and toll-like receptor (TLR) contribute to this nonspecific innate immune response .TLR3 play an important role in innate immune response against viral pathogens. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR3 could be considered as factors for the susceptibility to viral pathogens including HBV. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of six SNPs of the TLR3 gene in patients infected with HBV and to study the relation between these SNPs and the clearance of hepatitis B virus. These SNPs were tested by direct sequencing. Three groups were investigated: chronic HBV carrier (25 patients), chronic active HBV carrier (16 patients) and 13 persons who are previously exposed to HBV and become immunized. These 3 groups were examined for six SNPs (rs5743311, rs5743312, rs5743313, rs5743314, rs5743315, and rs78726532). The analysis confirmed that GCTCCA haplotype and CCA haplotype showed significant higher frequency in immunized group when compared to chronic hepatitis B groups. These findings indicate that genetic variations in the TLR3 gene could affect the outcome of HBV infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. Individuals exposed to HBV show wide spectrum outcomes including immunized persons, asymptomatic carrier, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC. The outcome of HBV infection and the severity of associated liver diseases are determined by the nature and strength of host immune responses against the virus. There is accumulating evidence that the innate branch of the host immune system plays an important role in the control of HBV infection. Various components, such as natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, dendritic cells, cytokines, chemokines and toll-like receptor (TLR) contribute to this nonspecific innate immune response .TLR3 play an important role in innate immune response against viral pathogens. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR3 could be considered as factors for the susceptibility to viral pathogens including HBV. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of six SNPs of the TLR3 gene in patients infected with HBV and to study the relation between these SNPs and the clearance of hepatitis B virus. These SNPs were tested by direct sequencing. Three groups were investigated: chronic HBV carrier (25 patients), chronic active HBV carrier (16 patients) and 13 persons who are previously exposed to HBV and become immunized. These 3 groups were examined for six SNPs (rs5743311, rs5743312, rs5743313, rs5743314, rs5743315, and rs78726532). The analysis confirmed that GCTCCA haplotype and CCA haplotype showed significant higher frequency in immunized group when compared to chronic hepatitis B groups. These findings indicate that genetic variations in the TLR3 gene could affect the outcome of HBV infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. Individuals exposed to HBV show wide spectrum outcomes including immunized persons, asymptomatic carrier, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC. The outcome of HBV infection and the severity of associated liver diseases are determined by the nature and strength of host immune responses against the virus. There is accumulating evidence that the innate branch of the host immune system plays an important role in the control of HBV infection. Various components, such as natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, dendritic cells, cytokines, chemokines and toll-like receptor (TLR) contribute to this nonspecific innate immune response .TLR3 play an important role in innate immune response against viral pathogens. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR3 could be considered as factors for the susceptibility to viral pathogens including HBV. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of six SNPs of the TLR3 gene in patients infected with HBV and to study the relation between these SNPs and the clearance of hepatitis B virus. These SNPs were tested by direct sequencing. Three groups were investigated: chronic HBV carrier (25 patients), chronic active HBV carrier (16 patients) and 13 persons who are previously exposed to HBV and become immunized. These 3 groups were examined for six SNPs (rs5743311, rs5743312, rs5743313, rs5743314, rs5743315, and rs78726532). The analysis confirmed that GCTCCA haplotype and CCA haplotype showed significant higher frequency in immunized group when compared to chronic hepatitis B groups. These findings indicate that genetic variations in the TLR3 gene could affect the outcome of HBV infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. Individuals exposed to HBV show wide spectrum outcomes including immunized persons, asymptomatic carrier, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC. The outcome of HBV infection and the severity of associated liver diseases are determined by the nature and strength of host immune responses against the virus. There is accumulating evidence that the innate branch of the host immune system plays an important role in the control of HBV infection. Various components, such as natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, dendritic cells, cytokines, chemokines and toll-like receptor (TLR) contribute to this nonspecific innate immune response .TLR3 play an important role in innate immune response against viral pathogens. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR3 could be considered as factors for the susceptibility to viral pathogens including HBV. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of six SNPs of the TLR3 gene in patients infected with HBV and to study the relation between these SNPs and the clearance of hepatitis B virus. These SNPs were tested by direct sequencing. Three groups were investigated: chronic HBV carrier (25 patients), chronic active HBV carrier (16 patients) and 13 persons who are previously exposed to HBV and become immunized. These 3 groups were examined for six SNPs (rs5743311, rs5743312, rs5743313, rs5743314, rs5743315, and rs78726532). The analysis confirmed that GCTCCA haplotype and CCA haplotype showed significant higher frequency in immunized group when compared to chronic hepatitis B groups. These findings indicate that genetic variations in the TLR3 gene could affect the outcome of HBV infection.

Aluminum sulphate has a significant toxic effects for humans. Aluminum is one of the most abundant metal on the Earth crust. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of short term exposure to aluminum sulphate on the bone development of the fetuses in rats, and if folic acid has a protective role upon that effects or not. Forty female rats were used, ten per group, GI served as negative control (receive nothing except normal feeding and water), GII served as positive control (receive water by gastric gavage), GIII treated with aluminum sulphate orally by gastric gavage and GIV treated with aluminum sulphate with folic acid. Mating occurred and known by presence of vaginal plug in the female rats. Rats were killed on day 18 of gestation. Results: The female rats weight were significantly reduced in the treated group if compared with the control group (p > 0.001), all parameters of the fetuses, fetal weight, malformation and the crown rump length reduced significantly p value were 0.000, 0.001, and 0.000 respectively. In histopathological results the aluminum treated group showed severe limited area of preossfication in fetuses vertebrae. Folic acid gave a protective role for all the hazardous effects of aluminum sulphate and prove the diameters measured and also the histopathological effects. Conclusion: Aluminum sulphate can produce hazardous effects on bone of the fetuses, which may affect the life style of these fetuses later on. Folic acid might give a protective role and so should be given to females who tried to conceive.

Aluminum sulphate has a significant toxic effects for humans. Aluminum is one of the most abundant metal on the Earth crust. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of short term exposure to aluminum sulphate on the bone development of the fetuses in rats, and if folic acid has a protective role upon that effects or not. Forty female rats were used, ten per group, GI served as negative control (receive nothing except normal feeding and water), GII served as positive control (receive water by gastric gavage), GIII treated with aluminum sulphate orally by gastric gavage and GIV treated with aluminum sulphate with folic acid. Mating occurred and known by presence of vaginal plug in the female rats. Rats were killed on day 18 of gestation. Results: The female rats weight were significantly reduced in the treated group if compared with the control group (p > 0.001), all parameters of the fetuses, fetal weight, malformation and the crown rump length reduced significantly p value were 0.000, 0.001, and 0.000 respectively. In histopathological results the aluminum treated group showed severe limited area of preossfication in fetuses vertebrae. Folic acid gave a protective role for all the hazardous effects of aluminum sulphate and prove the diameters measured and also the histopathological effects. Conclusion: Aluminum sulphate can produce hazardous effects on bone of the fetuses, which may affect the life style of these fetuses later on. Folic acid might give a protective role and so should be given to females who tried to conceive.