Background: Several studies have indicated that during an episode of otitis media the child’s balance deteriorates and the child may become clumsy and fall more often. Objectives: The aim of this work was to assess the balance and vestibular system in children with otitis media with effusion prior to and after treatment. Methods: Fifty children with bilateral OME (5–11 years old, 28 females and 22 males) were involved as a study group. The control group consisted of 30 healthy children age- and sexmatched (12 females/18 males). All subjects underwent Balance subset of Standardized Bruininks–Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT-2), a test of static and dynamic balance and modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance (m-CTSIB) were done. Objective tests of vestibular end organ function including both Electronystagmography test ENG and both air conducted (AC) & bone conducted (BC) vestibular evoked myogenic potentials(VEMP) were recorded. These tests were performed two times: 1 day prior to and 4 weeks after management. Results: Only 8 children had history of vertigo or balance disorders. There were statistically significantly poorer scores in some balance subtest items of BOT-2 as in SOL with eye closed either on a line or on a balance beam as compared to the control group with significant improvement after management. Peripheral vestibular (ENG) abnormalities were recorded in 64% of children with statistically significant higher than the control group (10%) with significant improvement after management. Prior to treatment, AC-VEMPs were present in 12 (12%) ears while BC-VEMPs were recorded in 78 (78%) ears that mean ABG was 12.15 ± 2.75. After treatment most children showed nearly closure of ABG within 10 dB HL, AC-VEMPs were present in 72 (72%) ears and BCVEMPs were recorded in 90 (90%) ears. Conclusions: Recurrent or persistent otitis media with effusion impairs the functioning of the vestibular system in children.

Background: Several studies have indicated that during an episode of otitis media the child’s balance deteriorates and the child may become clumsy and fall more often. Objectives: The aim of this work was to assess the balance and vestibular system in children with otitis media with effusion prior to and after treatment. Methods: Fifty children with bilateral OME (5–11 years old, 28 females and 22 males) were involved as a study group. The control group consisted of 30 healthy children age- and sexmatched (12 females/18 males). All subjects underwent Balance subset of Standardized Bruininks–Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT-2), a test of static and dynamic balance and modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance (m-CTSIB) were done. Objective tests of vestibular end organ function including both Electronystagmography test ENG and both air conducted (AC) & bone conducted (BC) vestibular evoked myogenic potentials(VEMP) were recorded. These tests were performed two times: 1 day prior to and 4 weeks after management. Results: Only 8 children had history of vertigo or balance disorders. There were statistically significantly poorer scores in some balance subtest items of BOT-2 as in SOL with eye closed either on a line or on a balance beam as compared to the control group with significant improvement after management. Peripheral vestibular (ENG) abnormalities were recorded in 64% of children with statistically significant higher than the control group (10%) with significant improvement after management. Prior to treatment, AC-VEMPs were present in 12 (12%) ears while BC-VEMPs were recorded in 78 (78%) ears that mean ABG was 12.15 ± 2.75. After treatment most children showed nearly closure of ABG within 10 dB HL, AC-VEMPs were present in 72 (72%) ears and BCVEMPs were recorded in 90 (90%) ears. Conclusions: Recurrent or persistent otitis media with effusion impairs the functioning of the vestibular system in children.

Background: Vestibular dysfunction has been long described in patients with migraine; this relation has been addressed as vestibular migraine. The pathophysiology as well as the peripheral or central localization of this deficit is unclear. Cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) is a validated method to test saccular function and vestibulocollic pathway. Objectives: The current work was designed to assess the characteristics of cVEMP response in patients with vestibular migraine and compare them with the results of healthy controls, and to find out if the cVEMP could be useful as a complementary tool for testing vestibular function in vestibular migraine. Methods: Twenty five patients with definite vestibular migraine were involved as a study group. Twenty healthy volunteers of comparable age and sex were taken as a control group. The amplitude and latency of cVEMP were measured. Electronystagmography (ENG) test battery including caloric testing was done. Results: Our study demonstrated significant reduction in cVEMP amplitudes, and more frequently absent response in patients with vestibular migraine compared to healthy controls. There was no correlation between cVEMP amplitudes and caloric testing. ENG tests showed peripheral vestibular lesion in 36% of patients, central lesion in 16%, mixed lesion in 4%. Conclusion: cVEMP is a useful complementary tool for testing vestibular function in vestibular migraine. Reduced cVEMP amplitude or absent response were the most frequent features in vestibular migraine. The saccule and or the sacculo-collic pathway are affected in vestibular migraine, with more tendencies for peripheral vestibular dysfunction in our patient group.

Background: Vestibular dysfunction has been long described in patients with migraine; this relation has been addressed as vestibular migraine. The pathophysiology as well as the peripheral or central localization of this deficit is unclear. Cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) is a validated method to test saccular function and vestibulocollic pathway. Objectives: The current work was designed to assess the characteristics of cVEMP response in patients with vestibular migraine and compare them with the results of healthy controls, and to find out if the cVEMP could be useful as a complementary tool for testing vestibular function in vestibular migraine. Methods: Twenty five patients with definite vestibular migraine were involved as a study group. Twenty healthy volunteers of comparable age and sex were taken as a control group. The amplitude and latency of cVEMP were measured. Electronystagmography (ENG) test battery including caloric testing was done. Results: Our study demonstrated significant reduction in cVEMP amplitudes, and more frequently absent response in patients with vestibular migraine compared to healthy controls. There was no correlation between cVEMP amplitudes and caloric testing. ENG tests showed peripheral vestibular lesion in 36% of patients, central lesion in 16%, mixed lesion in 4%. Conclusion: cVEMP is a useful complementary tool for testing vestibular function in vestibular migraine. Reduced cVEMP amplitude or absent response were the most frequent features in vestibular migraine. The saccule and or the sacculo-collic pathway are affected in vestibular migraine, with more tendencies for peripheral vestibular dysfunction in our patient group.

Background: Vestibular dysfunction has been long described in patients with migraine; this relation has been addressed as vestibular migraine. The pathophysiology as well as the peripheral or central localization of this deficit is unclear. Cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) is a validated method to test saccular function and vestibulocollic pathway. Objectives: The current work was designed to assess the characteristics of cVEMP response in patients with vestibular migraine and compare them with the results of healthy controls, and to find out if the cVEMP could be useful as a complementary tool for testing vestibular function in vestibular migraine. Methods: Twenty five patients with definite vestibular migraine were involved as a study group. Twenty healthy volunteers of comparable age and sex were taken as a control group. The amplitude and latency of cVEMP were measured. Electronystagmography (ENG) test battery including caloric testing was done. Results: Our study demonstrated significant reduction in cVEMP amplitudes, and more frequently absent response in patients with vestibular migraine compared to healthy controls. There was no correlation between cVEMP amplitudes and caloric testing. ENG tests showed peripheral vestibular lesion in 36% of patients, central lesion in 16%, mixed lesion in 4%. Conclusion: cVEMP is a useful complementary tool for testing vestibular function in vestibular migraine. Reduced cVEMP amplitude or absent response were the most frequent features in vestibular migraine. The saccule and or the sacculo-collic pathway are affected in vestibular migraine, with more tendencies for peripheral vestibular dysfunction in our patient group.

Background and aim Association of vitiligo with ocular and auditory abnormalities and other autoimmune disorders suggests its systemic autoimmune origin. Therefore, this study was carried out in an attempt to evaluate the effect of melanin deficiency in patients with vitiligo, as regards the extent and duration of the disease on the auditory pathway and to study the associated other ocular and systemic abnormalities in them. Patients and methods Forty patients with vitiligo and 20 normal volunteers were examined. Audiological evaluation including pure-tone audiometry, extended high-frequency audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, and auditory brainstem response was carried out. Ophthalmic evaluation including visual acuity, intraocular tension, and fundus examination was carried out. Laboratory investigations including hemoglobin level, random blood sugar, liver, kidney, and thyroid function tests, and autoimmune testing (antistreptolysin O titer, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor, and antinuclear antibodies) were carried out. Results Sensorineural hearing loss was found in 15 (37.5%) patients; 10 (66.67%) of them had bilateral hearing loss and at high frequencies (2–8 kHz) sensorineural hearing loss. Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions were absent or decreased in 67.5%. There were no statistically significant differences in all auditory brainstem response parameters in vitiligo patients compared with the control group. Onefourth (25%) of them had decreased visual acuity, 22.5% had anemia, 12.5% had thyroid dysfunction, 10% had raised random blood sugar, 2.5% had raised liver enzymes, 32.5% had raised rheumatoid factor, 20% had raised antinuclear antibody, and 15% had raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Background and aim Association of vitiligo with ocular and auditory abnormalities and other autoimmune disorders suggests its systemic autoimmune origin. Therefore, this study was carried out in an attempt to evaluate the effect of melanin deficiency in patients with vitiligo, as regards the extent and duration of the disease on the auditory pathway and to study the associated other ocular and systemic abnormalities in them. Patients and methods Forty patients with vitiligo and 20 normal volunteers were examined. Audiological evaluation including pure-tone audiometry, extended high-frequency audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, and auditory brainstem response was carried out. Ophthalmic evaluation including visual acuity, intraocular tension, and fundus examination was carried out. Laboratory investigations including hemoglobin level, random blood sugar, liver, kidney, and thyroid function tests, and autoimmune testing (antistreptolysin O titer, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor, and antinuclear antibodies) were carried out. Results Sensorineural hearing loss was found in 15 (37.5%) patients; 10 (66.67%) of them had bilateral hearing loss and at high frequencies (2–8 kHz) sensorineural hearing loss. Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions were absent or decreased in 67.5%. There were no statistically significant differences in all auditory brainstem response parameters in vitiligo patients compared with the control group. Onefourth (25%) of them had decreased visual acuity, 22.5% had anemia, 12.5% had thyroid dysfunction, 10% had raised random blood sugar, 2.5% had raised liver enzymes, 32.5% had raised rheumatoid factor, 20% had raised antinuclear antibody, and 15% had raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Background and aim Association of vitiligo with ocular and auditory abnormalities and other autoimmune disorders suggests its systemic autoimmune origin. Therefore, this study was carried out in an attempt to evaluate the effect of melanin deficiency in patients with vitiligo, as regards the extent and duration of the disease on the auditory pathway and to study the associated other ocular and systemic abnormalities in them. Patients and methods Forty patients with vitiligo and 20 normal volunteers were examined. Audiological evaluation including pure-tone audiometry, extended high-frequency audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, and auditory brainstem response was carried out. Ophthalmic evaluation including visual acuity, intraocular tension, and fundus examination was carried out. Laboratory investigations including hemoglobin level, random blood sugar, liver, kidney, and thyroid function tests, and autoimmune testing (antistreptolysin O titer, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor, and antinuclear antibodies) were carried out. Results Sensorineural hearing loss was found in 15 (37.5%) patients; 10 (66.67%) of them had bilateral hearing loss and at high frequencies (2–8 kHz) sensorineural hearing loss. Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions were absent or decreased in 67.5%. There were no statistically significant differences in all auditory brainstem response parameters in vitiligo patients compared with the control group. Onefourth (25%) of them had decreased visual acuity, 22.5% had anemia, 12.5% had thyroid dysfunction, 10% had raised random blood sugar, 2.5% had raised liver enzymes, 32.5% had raised rheumatoid factor, 20% had raised antinuclear antibody, and 15% had raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Background and aim Association of vitiligo with ocular and auditory abnormalities and other autoimmune disorders suggests its systemic autoimmune origin. Therefore, this study was carried out in an attempt to evaluate the effect of melanin deficiency in patients with vitiligo, as regards the extent and duration of the disease on the auditory pathway and to study the associated other ocular and systemic abnormalities in them. Patients and methods Forty patients with vitiligo and 20 normal volunteers were examined. Audiological evaluation including pure-tone audiometry, extended high-frequency audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, and auditory brainstem response was carried out. Ophthalmic evaluation including visual acuity, intraocular tension, and fundus examination was carried out. Laboratory investigations including hemoglobin level, random blood sugar, liver, kidney, and thyroid function tests, and autoimmune testing (antistreptolysin O titer, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor, and antinuclear antibodies) were carried out. Results Sensorineural hearing loss was found in 15 (37.5%) patients; 10 (66.67%) of them had bilateral hearing loss and at high frequencies (2–8 kHz) sensorineural hearing loss. Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions were absent or decreased in 67.5%. There were no statistically significant differences in all auditory brainstem response parameters in vitiligo patients compared with the control group. Onefourth (25%) of them had decreased visual acuity, 22.5% had anemia, 12.5% had thyroid dysfunction, 10% had raised random blood sugar, 2.5% had raised liver enzymes, 32.5% had raised rheumatoid factor, 20% had raised antinuclear antibody, and 15% had raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Background Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric syndrome with onset in childhood, most commonly becoming more apparent during the first few years of grade school. The aim of this study is to assess peripheral hearing and central auditory processing as well as cognitive function in 30 children diagnosed with ADHD. Their age ranged from 6 to 16 years (16 males and 14 females) and their IQ of at least 70. All of them were subjected to a basic audiological evaluation, and assessment of auditory brainstem responses, slow vertex response, and P300 waves using the oddball paradigm. Results No significant differences were found between pure tone thresholds and speech audiometry between the study and the control groups. There was a statistically significant increase in auditory brainstem response (ABR) absolute latencies (III and V) and interpeak latencies (I–III and I–V) at both low repetition rate and high repetition rate. Also, an increase in latencies of N1, P2, N2, and P300 latencies was observed with decreased P300 amplitude of the study group compared with the control groups. A significant mild positive correlation was found between P300 and both wave V latency and I–V interpeak latency. Conclusion The results of this study provide more evidence of central auditory processing involvement in children with ADHD and show the role of ABR and P300 in the management of these children.