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We reviewed the clinical, neuropsychiatric, and EEG status of 53 turner syndrome (TS) females, aged 3–16 years, in Assiut university hospitals, Upper Egypt. The diagnosis and care of patients with TS in Egypt is still in the developing stage. Hence this study was undertaken to review the details of patients with TS with respect to the pattern of cognitive, psychiatric, and motor dysfunction. We aimed to provide a comprehensive data about the experience of our center comparable to previous studies, which have been published in this field. This will contribute to a better definition of the neuropsychiatric features that may be specific to TS that allows early and better detection and management of these cases. We found FSIQ and verbal IQ that seem to be at a nearly normal level and a decreased performance IQ. ADHD and autistic symptoms were found in 20.70 and 3.77 % of our cohort, respectively. The motor performance in TS was disturbed, with some neurological deficits present in 17 % (reduced muscle tone and reduced muscle power). In addition, females with TS in our study exhibit social and emotional problems, including anxiety (5.66 %) and depression (11.30 %). The EEG results revealed abnormalities in seven patients (13.20 %). One patient presenting with generalized tonic–clonic seizures showed generalized epileptiform activity, and six patients presenting with intellectual disabilities showed abnormal EEG background activity.

We reviewed the clinical, neuropsychiatric, and EEG status of 53 turner syndrome (TS) females, aged 3–16 years, in Assiut university hospitals, Upper Egypt. The diagnosis and care of patients with TS in Egypt is still in the developing stage. Hence this study was undertaken to review the details of patients with TS with respect to the pattern of cognitive, psychiatric, and motor dysfunction. We aimed to provide a comprehensive data about the experience of our center comparable to previous studies, which have been published in this field. This will contribute to a better definition of the neuropsychiatric features that may be specific to TS that allows early and better detection and management of these cases. We found FSIQ and verbal IQ that seem to be at a nearly normal level and a decreased performance IQ. ADHD and autistic symptoms were found in 20.70 and 3.77 % of our cohort, respectively. The motor performance in TS was disturbed, with some neurological deficits present in 17 % (reduced muscle tone and reduced muscle power). In addition, females with TS in our study exhibit social and emotional problems, including anxiety (5.66 %) and depression (11.30 %). The EEG results revealed abnormalities in seven patients (13.20 %). One patient presenting with generalized tonic–clonic seizures showed generalized epileptiform activity, and six patients presenting with intellectual disabilities showed abnormal EEG background activity.

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Studies of cognitive function in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are few and controversial. This study aimed to investigate general intelligence and specific cognitive functions in children with salt wasting (SW) form of CAH and their relationship to demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables. This study included 36 children with classic 21 hydroxylase deficiency SW type of CAH (males = 12; females = 24; mean age = 15.6 ± 2.3 years). Intelligence quotient (IQ) and cognition were assessed using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 3rd edition (WISC-III) and Stanford Binet Subsets Test version 4 (SBST4). Compared to controls, patients had lower mean full-scale (FS) IQ (P = 0.01) score, particularly performance IQ score (P = 0.001), and comprehension, pattern analysis, quantitation, bead memory, and memory for sentences of SBST4 (P = 0.05, P = 0.014, P = 0.001, P = 0.002, and P = 0.05, respectively). Lower IQ was observed in poorly controlled compared with well-controlled patients on medical treatment. Significant correlations were observed between FSIQ with age (r = − 0.810; P = 0.001), duration of treatment (r = − 0.887; P = 0.01), dose of glucocorticoids (r = − 0.463; P = 0.01), 17-OHP (r = − 0.543; P = 0.01) and testosterone (r = − 0.462; P = − 0.006) levels, and number of hyponatremic episodes (r = − 0.350; P = 0.05). In multivariate analysis, the independent risks of low FSIQ were the dose of glucocorticoids (OR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.08–1.23, P = 0.0001), 17- OHP levels (OR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.19–2.85, P = 0.01), and number of hyponatremic episodes (OR = 4.34; 95% CI = 2.05–5.15, P = 0.01). Conclusion: Patients with SW form of CAH may have lower IQ and cognitive deficits which may be related to the dose of glucocorticoids, androgen excess, and number of hyponatremic episodes.

Studies of cognitive function in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are few and controversial. This study aimed to investigate general intelligence and specific cognitive functions in children with salt wasting (SW) form of CAH and their relationship to demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables. This study included 36 children with classic 21 hydroxylase deficiency SW type of CAH (males = 12; females = 24; mean age = 15.6 ± 2.3 years). Intelligence quotient (IQ) and cognition were assessed using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 3rd edition (WISC-III) and Stanford Binet Subsets Test version 4 (SBST4). Compared to controls, patients had lower mean full-scale (FS) IQ (P = 0.01) score, particularly performance IQ score (P = 0.001), and comprehension, pattern analysis, quantitation, bead memory, and memory for sentences of SBST4 (P = 0.05, P = 0.014, P = 0.001, P = 0.002, and P = 0.05, respectively). Lower IQ was observed in poorly controlled compared with well-controlled patients on medical treatment. Significant correlations were observed between FSIQ with age (r = − 0.810; P = 0.001), duration of treatment (r = − 0.887; P = 0.01), dose of glucocorticoids (r = − 0.463; P = 0.01), 17-OHP (r = − 0.543; P = 0.01) and testosterone (r = − 0.462; P = − 0.006) levels, and number of hyponatremic episodes (r = − 0.350; P = 0.05). In multivariate analysis, the independent risks of low FSIQ were the dose of glucocorticoids (OR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.08–1.23, P = 0.0001), 17- OHP levels (OR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.19–2.85, P = 0.01), and number of hyponatremic episodes (OR = 4.34; 95% CI = 2.05–5.15, P = 0.01). Conclusion: Patients with SW form of CAH may have lower IQ and cognitive deficits which may be related to the dose of glucocorticoids, androgen excess, and number of hyponatremic episodes.

Studies of cognitive function in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are few and controversial. This study aimed to investigate general intelligence and specific cognitive functions in children with salt wasting (SW) form of CAH and their relationship to demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables. This study included 36 children with classic 21 hydroxylase deficiency SW type of CAH (males = 12; females = 24; mean age = 15.6 ± 2.3 years). Intelligence quotient (IQ) and cognition were assessed using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 3rd edition (WISC-III) and Stanford Binet Subsets Test version 4 (SBST4). Compared to controls, patients had lower mean full-scale (FS) IQ (P = 0.01) score, particularly performance IQ score (P = 0.001), and comprehension, pattern analysis, quantitation, bead memory, and memory for sentences of SBST4 (P = 0.05, P = 0.014, P = 0.001, P = 0.002, and P = 0.05, respectively). Lower IQ was observed in poorly controlled compared with well-controlled patients on medical treatment. Significant correlations were observed between FSIQ with age (r = − 0.810; P = 0.001), duration of treatment (r = − 0.887; P = 0.01), dose of glucocorticoids (r = − 0.463; P = 0.01), 17-OHP (r = − 0.543; P = 0.01) and testosterone (r = − 0.462; P = − 0.006) levels, and number of hyponatremic episodes (r = − 0.350; P = 0.05). In multivariate analysis, the independent risks of low FSIQ were the dose of glucocorticoids (OR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.08–1.23, P = 0.0001), 17- OHP levels (OR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.19–2.85, P = 0.01), and number of hyponatremic episodes (OR = 4.34; 95% CI = 2.05–5.15, P = 0.01). Conclusion: Patients with SW form of CAH may have lower IQ and cognitive deficits which may be related to the dose of glucocorticoids, androgen excess, and number of hyponatremic episodes.

Background: Several studies have indicated that during an episode of otitis media the child’s balance deteriorates and the child may become clumsy and fall more often. Objectives: The aim of this work was to assess the balance and vestibular system in children with otitis media with effusion prior to and after treatment. Methods: Fifty children with bilateral OME (5–11 years old, 28 females and 22 males) were involved as a study group. The control group consisted of 30 healthy children age- and sexmatched (12 females/18 males). All subjects underwent Balance subset of Standardized Bruininks–Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT-2), a test of static and dynamic balance and modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance (m-CTSIB) were done. Objective tests of vestibular end organ function including both Electronystagmography test ENG and both air conducted (AC) & bone conducted (BC) vestibular evoked myogenic potentials(VEMP) were recorded. These tests were performed two times: 1 day prior to and 4 weeks after management. Results: Only 8 children had history of vertigo or balance disorders. There were statistically significantly poorer scores in some balance subtest items of BOT-2 as in SOL with eye closed either on a line or on a balance beam as compared to the control group with significant improvement after management. Peripheral vestibular (ENG) abnormalities were recorded in 64% of children with statistically significant higher than the control group (10%) with significant improvement after management. Prior to treatment, AC-VEMPs were present in 12 (12%) ears while BC-VEMPs were recorded in 78 (78%) ears that mean ABG was 12.15 ± 2.75. After treatment most children showed nearly closure of ABG within 10 dB HL, AC-VEMPs were present in 72 (72%) ears and BCVEMPs were recorded in 90 (90%) ears. Conclusions: Recurrent or persistent otitis media with effusion impairs the functioning of the vestibular system in children.