Gates in irrigation structures are the main components deals with the water control, and discharge measuring. Nowadays, with the national and international increase, and interest with the problems of water shortage, and how to optimize and save the available quantities of the water, investigators and researchers must give a special care to such components extremely affecting the water saving and control. The present study is a trial to reach the most suitable angle of curvature of the widely used curved gates, for permitting the discharge, with maximum discharge coefficient. The experimental work was carried out in the irrigation and hydraulic laboratory of the Civil department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, using seven types of curved gates having a curvature angle of 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and120 degrees, in addition to the vertical one, using discharge ranging from 5 - 45 l/sec. Since the discharge coefficient under the study depends mainly on the Reynolds, Froude numbers, gate opening and angle of curvature, Such parameters had been studied for all the above mentioned angle of curvature, and concluded that the curved gate with angle of curvature = 900 gives the maximum discharge coefficient for all the used discharges.

Gates in irrigation structures are the main components deals with the water control, and discharge measuring. Nowadays, with the national and international increase, and interest with the problems of water shortage, and how to optimize and save the available quantities of the water, investigators and researchers must give a special care to such components extremely affecting the water saving and control. The present study is a trial to reach the most suitable angle of curvature of the widely used curved gates, for permitting the discharge, with maximum discharge coefficient. The experimental work was carried out in the irrigation and hydraulic laboratory of the Civil department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, using seven types of curved gates having a curvature angle of 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and120 degrees, in addition to the vertical one, using discharge ranging from 5 - 45 l/sec. Since the discharge coefficient under the study depends mainly on the Reynolds, Froude numbers, gate opening and angle of curvature, Such parameters had been studied for all the above mentioned angle of curvature, and concluded that the curved gate with angle of curvature = 900 gives the maximum discharge coefficient for all the used discharges.

Railway infrastructure plays a critical role in transportation networks, and ensuring its integrity and resilience is of utmost importance. Culverts are vital components of railway tracks, providing drainage and water management to prevent structural damage and disruptions. Identifying suitable locations for culverts requires careful evaluation and consideration of various factors. A study using GIS techniques was conducted on an existing commercial railway track in the Eastern Desert of Upper Egypt to assess the effectiveness of existing culverts in preventing flash floods. The culvert suitability index map revealed that areas with high slopes and large drainage areas were more susceptible to water accumulation, indicating the need for culverts. The study also highlighted areas where culverts could be installed without significantly impacting existing infrastructure. It was recommended to install culverts in 27 locations along the track where they intersect with watercourses. Existing culverts covered just 93 watercourses, while 5 specialized culverts needed to be relocated. The findings have significant implications for railway engineering, as using GIS techniques streamlines the process of culvert location evaluation, saving time and resources. The systematic approach ensures culverts are installed in the most appropriate locations, minimizing flooding risks and ensuring the safety and efficiency of railway operations.

A simple method to fabricate circular microchannels in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is presented. A coating of liquid PDMS is applied on the walls of rectangular microchannels, fabricated using standard soft-lithography, by introducing a pressurized air stream inside the PDMS filled microchannels. Surface tension of the liquid PDMS forces the coating to take a circular cross section which is preserved by baking the device to cure the coated layer. Diameters ranging from a few micrometers to a few hundreds of micrometers were achieved. The method was verified to work on microchannel networks as well as in straight channels. Different coating conditions were systematically tested. Design curves are reported for one to choose appropriate coating conditions for obtaining a desired diameter. A comparison between the performance of square and circular microchannels in trapping SiHa cells (cervical cancer cell line) is shown.