A numerical study was carried out using the finite element analysis program FINAL to investigate the effect of joint attributes on the maximum bending moment induced in the segmental tunnel lining, the analysis has been performed with different combination of segments number, joint orientation, tunnel depth, and the ground coefficient at rest ko. The model used in the analysis was for a water tunnel exposed to an internal and external water pressure, The results show that, the orientation of hinges has a significant effect on the moment induced in the lining in case of number of segments equals four, and it has a maximum value if the angle between the vertical axis of tunnel and the first joint is 45o, in this case it is preferable to erect the segments by keeping the angle between the axis of the tunnel and the first joint not more than 20o for the economic design. Also the orientation of joints on the moment of the lining decreases when the number of segments is five, and it is nearly no effect for the orientation if the number of segments is seven, or more. The number of joints has a greater effect on the maximum bending moment induced in the lining, where as the number of segments increases the bending moment decreases. However, beyond a number of joints equals ten the increase of number of joints has a little influence on the values of stresses induced in the lining, and for the economical design, the number of segments is preferred to be more than four, and the most economical design can be obtained if the number of joints is seven. For the effect of ko on the moment induced in the lining it was found that, the moment is nearly zero if ko equals 1.0, however the value of moment increases in the both cases, if Ko increases or decreases than 1.0.

A numerical study was carried out using the finite element analysis program FINAL to investigate the effect of joint attributes on the maximum bending moment induced in the segmental tunnel lining, the analysis has been performed with different combination of segments number, joint orientation, tunnel depth, and the ground coefficient at rest ko. The model used in the analysis was for a water tunnel exposed to an internal and external water pressure, The results show that, the orientation of hinges has a significant effect on the moment induced in the lining in case of number of segments equals four, and it has a maximum value if the angle between the vertical axis of tunnel and the first joint is 45o, in this case it is preferable to erect the segments by keeping the angle between the axis of the tunnel and the first joint not more than 20o for the economic design. Also the orientation of joints on the moment of the lining decreases when the number of segments is five, and it is nearly no effect for the orientation if the number of segments is seven, or more. The number of joints has a greater effect on the maximum bending moment induced in the lining, where as the number of segments increases the bending moment decreases. However, beyond a number of joints equals ten the increase of number of joints has a little influence on the values of stresses induced in the lining, and for the economical design, the number of segments is preferred to be more than four, and the most economical design can be obtained if the number of joints is seven. For the effect of ko on the moment induced in the lining it was found that, the moment is nearly zero if ko equals 1.0, however the value of moment increases in the both cases, if Ko increases or decreases than 1.0.

A numerical study was carried out using the finite element analysis program FINAL to investigate the effect of joint attributes on the maximum bending moment induced in the segmental tunnel lining, the analysis has been performed with different combination of segments number, joint orientation, tunnel depth, and the ground coefficient at rest ko. The model used in the analysis was for a water tunnel exposed to an internal and external water pressure, The results show that, the orientation of hinges has a significant effect on the moment induced in the lining in case of number of segments equals four, and it has a maximum value if the angle between the vertical axis of tunnel and the first joint is 45o, in this case it is preferable to erect the segments by keeping the angle between the axis of the tunnel and the first joint not more than 20o for the economic design. Also the orientation of joints on the moment of the lining decreases when the number of segments is five, and it is nearly no effect for the orientation if the number of segments is seven, or more. The number of joints has a greater effect on the maximum bending moment induced in the lining, where as the number of segments increases the bending moment decreases. However, beyond a number of joints equals ten the increase of number of joints has a little influence on the values of stresses induced in the lining, and for the economical design, the number of segments is preferred to be more than four, and the most economical design can be obtained if the number of joints is seven. For the effect of ko on the moment induced in the lining it was found that, the moment is nearly zero if ko equals 1.0, however the value of moment increases in the both cases, if Ko increases or decreases than 1.0.

Owing to the huge damage caused by flash water and torrents in the desert roads, the attempts to prevent such damage has received a great attention. Culverts are the popular engineering tool usually used for converting the accumulated runoff water from one side of the desert roads to the other side. This engineering tool prevents overtopping which stops the safe traffic stream over the roads. Since the culvert entrance geometry is one of the prime factors affecting its accurate performance. The present study is a trial for increasing the discharging efficiency of such culverts to give more safety for the desert roads. Investigating the influence of using inclined headwall at the culvert entrance on discharge efficiency, its inclination angle in the same direction of the flow and in the opposite direction will be tested as well. A needed survey of references related to the current study topic, covers a suitable time period were included in a tabulated form, with the needed technical comments. The theoretical approach also was introduced. A comparative study was done for the results obtained by most popular researchers and the calculated discharging efficiency reached by each of them, and given in a tabulated form.

Owing to the huge damage caused by flash water and torrents in the desert roads, the attempts to prevent such damage has received a great attention. Culverts are the popular engineering tool usually used for converting the accumulated runoff water from one side of the desert roads to the other side. This engineering tool prevents overtopping which stops the safe traffic stream over the roads. Since the culvert entrance geometry is one of the prime factors affecting its accurate performance. The present study is a trial for increasing the discharging efficiency of such culverts to give more safety for the desert roads. Investigating the influence of using inclined headwall at the culvert entrance on discharge efficiency, its inclination angle in the same direction of the flow and in the opposite direction will be tested as well. A needed survey of references related to the current study topic, covers a suitable time period were included in a tabulated form, with the needed technical comments. The theoretical approach also was introduced. A comparative study was done for the results obtained by most popular researchers and the calculated discharging efficiency reached by each of them, and given in a tabulated form.

Owing to the huge damage caused by flash water and torrents in the desert roads, the attempts to prevent such damage has received a great attention. Culverts are the popular engineering tool usually used for converting the accumulated runoff water from one side of the desert roads to the other side. This engineering tool prevents overtopping which stops the safe traffic stream over the roads. Since the culvert entrance geometry is one of the prime factors affecting its accurate performance. The present study is a trial for increasing the discharging efficiency of such culverts to give more safety for the desert roads. Investigating the influence of using inclined headwall at the culvert entrance on discharge efficiency, its inclination angle in the same direction of the flow and in the opposite direction will be tested as well. A needed survey of references related to the current study topic, covers a suitable time period were included in a tabulated form, with the needed technical comments. The theoretical approach also was introduced. A comparative study was done for the results obtained by most popular researchers and the calculated discharging efficiency reached by each of them, and given in a tabulated form.

Owing to the huge damage caused by flash water and torrents in the desert roads, the attempts to prevent such damage has received a great attention. Culverts are the popular engineering tool usually used for converting the accumulated runoff water from one side of the desert roads to the other side. This engineering tool prevents overtopping which stops the safe traffic stream over the roads. Since the culvert entrance geometry is one of the prime factors affecting its accurate performance. The present study is a trial for increasing the discharging efficiency of such culverts to give more safety for the desert roads. Investigating the influence of using inclined headwall at the culvert entrance on discharge efficiency, its inclination angle in the same direction of the flow and in the opposite direction will be tested as well. A needed survey of references related to the current study topic, covers a suitable time period were included in a tabulated form, with the needed technical comments. The theoretical approach also was introduced. A comparative study was done for the results obtained by most popular researchers and the calculated discharging efficiency reached by each of them, and given in a tabulated form.

Abstract: Many authors and researchers examined and tested several methods and tools for improving the performance efficiency of the culverts. Owing to increase the importance of the desert roads nowadays for joining the new constructed industrial and agricultural communities all over Egypt, and because of the draught nature of that new desert areas, for which the desert road network was constructed, and the possibility of the harmful and destructive impact of the torrents and flash floods periodically occurs in such regions, our present work will be focusing on the under desert road culverts. The role of the under desert road culverts is the prime factor in the constructional, and traffic safety of such roads. Its efficiency in converting the accumulated flash water from one side of the road to the other side at a significantly very short time protects the roads against failure due to overtopping. The present work introduces a new constructional simple tool for maximizing the discharging efficiency of the under desert road culverts, and insuring its constructional safety in addition to the safety of the traffic over them. The introduced tool (as the best of our knowledge) wasn't investigated yet, or technically examined by any of the authors reviewed in the literature. 10 models of the inclined headwall with different inclination angles in the same direction of the stream flow, and in the opposite direction were tested. The optimum inclination angle which gives the maximum discharge under the minimum U.S. water head, for more safety of desert road against flash floods and torrents was introduced.

Abstract: Many authors and researchers examined and tested several methods and tools for improving the performance efficiency of the culverts. Owing to increase the importance of the desert roads nowadays for joining the new constructed industrial and agricultural communities all over Egypt, and because of the draught nature of that new desert areas, for which the desert road network was constructed, and the possibility of the harmful and destructive impact of the torrents and flash floods periodically occurs in such regions, our present work will be focusing on the under desert road culverts. The role of the under desert road culverts is the prime factor in the constructional, and traffic safety of such roads. Its efficiency in converting the accumulated flash water from one side of the road to the other side at a significantly very short time protects the roads against failure due to overtopping. The present work introduces a new constructional simple tool for maximizing the discharging efficiency of the under desert road culverts, and insuring its constructional safety in addition to the safety of the traffic over them. The introduced tool (as the best of our knowledge) wasn't investigated yet, or technically examined by any of the authors reviewed in the literature. 10 models of the inclined headwall with different inclination angles in the same direction of the stream flow, and in the opposite direction were tested. The optimum inclination angle which gives the maximum discharge under the minimum U.S. water head, for more safety of desert road against flash floods and torrents was introduced.

Abstract: Many authors and researchers examined and tested several methods and tools for improving the performance efficiency of the culverts. Owing to increase the importance of the desert roads nowadays for joining the new constructed industrial and agricultural communities all over Egypt, and because of the draught nature of that new desert areas, for which the desert road network was constructed, and the possibility of the harmful and destructive impact of the torrents and flash floods periodically occurs in such regions, our present work will be focusing on the under desert road culverts. The role of the under desert road culverts is the prime factor in the constructional, and traffic safety of such roads. Its efficiency in converting the accumulated flash water from one side of the road to the other side at a significantly very short time protects the roads against failure due to overtopping. The present work introduces a new constructional simple tool for maximizing the discharging efficiency of the under desert road culverts, and insuring its constructional safety in addition to the safety of the traffic over them. The introduced tool (as the best of our knowledge) wasn't investigated yet, or technically examined by any of the authors reviewed in the literature. 10 models of the inclined headwall with different inclination angles in the same direction of the stream flow, and in the opposite direction were tested. The optimum inclination angle which gives the maximum discharge under the minimum U.S. water head, for more safety of desert road against flash floods and torrents was introduced.