Owing to the huge damage caused by flash water and torrents in the desert roads, the attempts to prevent such damage has received a great attention. Culverts are the popular engineering tool usually used for converting the accumulated runoff water from one side of the desert roads to the other side. This engineering tool prevents overtopping which stops the safe traffic stream over the roads. Since the culvert entrance geometry is one of the prime factors affecting its accurate performance. The present study is a trial for increasing the discharging efficiency of such culverts to give more safety for the desert roads. Investigating the influence of using inclined headwall at the culvert entrance on discharge efficiency, its inclination angle in the same direction of the flow and in the opposite direction will be tested as well. A needed survey of references related to the current study topic, covers a suitable time period were included in a tabulated form, with the needed technical comments. The theoretical approach also was introduced. A comparative study was done for the results obtained by most popular researchers and the calculated discharging efficiency reached by each of them, and given in a tabulated form.

Owing to the huge damage caused by flash water and torrents in the desert roads, the attempts to prevent such damage has received a great attention. Culverts are the popular engineering tool usually used for converting the accumulated runoff water from one side of the desert roads to the other side. This engineering tool prevents overtopping which stops the safe traffic stream over the roads. Since the culvert entrance geometry is one of the prime factors affecting its accurate performance. The present study is a trial for increasing the discharging efficiency of such culverts to give more safety for the desert roads. Investigating the influence of using inclined headwall at the culvert entrance on discharge efficiency, its inclination angle in the same direction of the flow and in the opposite direction will be tested as well. A needed survey of references related to the current study topic, covers a suitable time period were included in a tabulated form, with the needed technical comments. The theoretical approach also was introduced. A comparative study was done for the results obtained by most popular researchers and the calculated discharging efficiency reached by each of them, and given in a tabulated form.

Owing to the huge damage caused by flash water and torrents in the desert roads, the attempts to prevent such damage has received a great attention. Culverts are the popular engineering tool usually used for converting the accumulated runoff water from one side of the desert roads to the other side. This engineering tool prevents overtopping which stops the safe traffic stream over the roads. Since the culvert entrance geometry is one of the prime factors affecting its accurate performance. The present study is a trial for increasing the discharging efficiency of such culverts to give more safety for the desert roads. Investigating the influence of using inclined headwall at the culvert entrance on discharge efficiency, its inclination angle in the same direction of the flow and in the opposite direction will be tested as well. A needed survey of references related to the current study topic, covers a suitable time period were included in a tabulated form, with the needed technical comments. The theoretical approach also was introduced. A comparative study was done for the results obtained by most popular researchers and the calculated discharging efficiency reached by each of them, and given in a tabulated form.

Owing to the huge damage caused by flash water and torrents in the desert roads, the attempts to prevent such damage has received a great attention. Culverts are the popular engineering tool usually used for converting the accumulated runoff water from one side of the desert roads to the other side. This engineering tool prevents overtopping which stops the safe traffic stream over the roads. Since the culvert entrance geometry is one of the prime factors affecting its accurate performance. The present study is a trial for increasing the discharging efficiency of such culverts to give more safety for the desert roads. Investigating the influence of using inclined headwall at the culvert entrance on discharge efficiency, its inclination angle in the same direction of the flow and in the opposite direction will be tested as well. A needed survey of references related to the current study topic, covers a suitable time period were included in a tabulated form, with the needed technical comments. The theoretical approach also was introduced. A comparative study was done for the results obtained by most popular researchers and the calculated discharging efficiency reached by each of them, and given in a tabulated form.

Abstract: Many authors and researchers examined and tested several methods and tools for improving the performance efficiency of the culverts. Owing to increase the importance of the desert roads nowadays for joining the new constructed industrial and agricultural communities all over Egypt, and because of the draught nature of that new desert areas, for which the desert road network was constructed, and the possibility of the harmful and destructive impact of the torrents and flash floods periodically occurs in such regions, our present work will be focusing on the under desert road culverts. The role of the under desert road culverts is the prime factor in the constructional, and traffic safety of such roads. Its efficiency in converting the accumulated flash water from one side of the road to the other side at a significantly very short time protects the roads against failure due to overtopping. The present work introduces a new constructional simple tool for maximizing the discharging efficiency of the under desert road culverts, and insuring its constructional safety in addition to the safety of the traffic over them. The introduced tool (as the best of our knowledge) wasn't investigated yet, or technically examined by any of the authors reviewed in the literature. 10 models of the inclined headwall with different inclination angles in the same direction of the stream flow, and in the opposite direction were tested. The optimum inclination angle which gives the maximum discharge under the minimum U.S. water head, for more safety of desert road against flash floods and torrents was introduced.

Abstract: Many authors and researchers examined and tested several methods and tools for improving the performance efficiency of the culverts. Owing to increase the importance of the desert roads nowadays for joining the new constructed industrial and agricultural communities all over Egypt, and because of the draught nature of that new desert areas, for which the desert road network was constructed, and the possibility of the harmful and destructive impact of the torrents and flash floods periodically occurs in such regions, our present work will be focusing on the under desert road culverts. The role of the under desert road culverts is the prime factor in the constructional, and traffic safety of such roads. Its efficiency in converting the accumulated flash water from one side of the road to the other side at a significantly very short time protects the roads against failure due to overtopping. The present work introduces a new constructional simple tool for maximizing the discharging efficiency of the under desert road culverts, and insuring its constructional safety in addition to the safety of the traffic over them. The introduced tool (as the best of our knowledge) wasn't investigated yet, or technically examined by any of the authors reviewed in the literature. 10 models of the inclined headwall with different inclination angles in the same direction of the stream flow, and in the opposite direction were tested. The optimum inclination angle which gives the maximum discharge under the minimum U.S. water head, for more safety of desert road against flash floods and torrents was introduced.

Abstract: Many authors and researchers examined and tested several methods and tools for improving the performance efficiency of the culverts. Owing to increase the importance of the desert roads nowadays for joining the new constructed industrial and agricultural communities all over Egypt, and because of the draught nature of that new desert areas, for which the desert road network was constructed, and the possibility of the harmful and destructive impact of the torrents and flash floods periodically occurs in such regions, our present work will be focusing on the under desert road culverts. The role of the under desert road culverts is the prime factor in the constructional, and traffic safety of such roads. Its efficiency in converting the accumulated flash water from one side of the road to the other side at a significantly very short time protects the roads against failure due to overtopping. The present work introduces a new constructional simple tool for maximizing the discharging efficiency of the under desert road culverts, and insuring its constructional safety in addition to the safety of the traffic over them. The introduced tool (as the best of our knowledge) wasn't investigated yet, or technically examined by any of the authors reviewed in the literature. 10 models of the inclined headwall with different inclination angles in the same direction of the stream flow, and in the opposite direction were tested. The optimum inclination angle which gives the maximum discharge under the minimum U.S. water head, for more safety of desert road against flash floods and torrents was introduced.

The present experimental study was executed to investigate a new and untested shape of curved dissipators with different angles of curvature and arrangements from the following two points of view: (i) To examine its efficiency in dissipating the kinetic water energy; (ii) To examine the most effective shape and arrangement obtained from the above mentioned step in enriching the flow with dissolved oxygen for enhancing the irrigation water quality. The study was held in the irrigation and hydraulic laboratory in the Civil Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, using a bed tilting channel 20 m long, 30 cm wide and 50 cm height, using 20 types of curved dissipators with different arrangements. A total of 660 runs were carried out with different discharges. Results, in general, showed that, for the same angle of curvature, the dissipator performance is more tangible in dissipating the water energy when the curvature is in the opposite direction of the flow. Also, the energy loss ratio increases with the increase of the dissipator curvature angle (θ), till it reaches (120°), then it decreases again. The study also showed that using four rows of dissipators gives nearly the same effect of using three rows concerning both, the relative energy dissipation and dissolved oxygen content. So, it is recommended to use not more than three rows of the introduced curved dissipator with an angle of curvature equals (120°) in the opposite direction of the flow to obtain the maximum percentage of water energy dissipation downstream head structures and maximum dissolved oxygen content. Also, the study showed that, using the new introduced curved dissipator in three rows in the staggered-separate manner gives the best formed hydraulic jump characteristics, less relative depth and less relative length than all other tested dissipators, which reduces the cost of construction of the solid apron on the downstream side of head structure.

The present experimental study was executed to investigate a new and untested shape of curved dissipators with different angles of curvature and arrangements from the following two points of view: (i) To examine its efficiency in dissipating the kinetic water energy; (ii) To examine the most effective shape and arrangement obtained from the above mentioned step in enriching the flow with dissolved oxygen for enhancing the irrigation water quality. The study was held in the irrigation and hydraulic laboratory in the Civil Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, using a bed tilting channel 20 m long, 30 cm wide and 50 cm height, using 20 types of curved dissipators with different arrangements. A total of 660 runs were carried out with different discharges. Results, in general, showed that, for the same angle of curvature, the dissipator performance is more tangible in dissipating the water energy when the curvature is in the opposite direction of the flow. Also, the energy loss ratio increases with the increase of the dissipator curvature angle (θ), till it reaches (120°), then it decreases again. The study also showed that using four rows of dissipators gives nearly the same effect of using three rows concerning both, the relative energy dissipation and dissolved oxygen content. So, it is recommended to use not more than three rows of the introduced curved dissipator with an angle of curvature equals (120°) in the opposite direction of the flow to obtain the maximum percentage of water energy dissipation downstream head structures and maximum dissolved oxygen content. Also, the study showed that, using the new introduced curved dissipator in three rows in the staggered-separate manner gives the best formed hydraulic jump characteristics, less relative depth and less relative length than all other tested dissipators, which reduces the cost of construction of the solid apron on the downstream side of head structure.

The present experimental study was executed to investigate a new and untested shape of curved dissipators with different angles of curvature and arrangements from the following two points of view: (i) To examine its efficiency in dissipating the kinetic water energy; (ii) To examine the most effective shape and arrangement obtained from the above mentioned step in enriching the flow with dissolved oxygen for enhancing the irrigation water quality. The study was held in the irrigation and hydraulic laboratory in the Civil Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, using a bed tilting channel 20 m long, 30 cm wide and 50 cm height, using 20 types of curved dissipators with different arrangements. A total of 660 runs were carried out with different discharges. Results, in general, showed that, for the same angle of curvature, the dissipator performance is more tangible in dissipating the water energy when the curvature is in the opposite direction of the flow. Also, the energy loss ratio increases with the increase of the dissipator curvature angle (θ), till it reaches (120°), then it decreases again. The study also showed that using four rows of dissipators gives nearly the same effect of using three rows concerning both, the relative energy dissipation and dissolved oxygen content. So, it is recommended to use not more than three rows of the introduced curved dissipator with an angle of curvature equals (120°) in the opposite direction of the flow to obtain the maximum percentage of water energy dissipation downstream head structures and maximum dissolved oxygen content. Also, the study showed that, using the new introduced curved dissipator in three rows in the staggered-separate manner gives the best formed hydraulic jump characteristics, less relative depth and less relative length than all other tested dissipators, which reduces the cost of construction of the solid apron on the downstream side of head structure.