The objective of the study is to investigate the influence of seismic analysis of tunnel systems (single and twin tunnels). The seismic analysis is significant for tunnel projects in urban cities to avoid the collapse of tunnels in this crowded city due to displacements generated as a result of earthquake waves. A case study is The Greater Cairo metro line No.4, Phase No.1. To evaluate the influence of seismic waves on single and twin tunnels, four cases were simulated, the first case of a single tunnel and three cases of twin tunnels. For more serious understanding of the issue of seismic waves on twin tunnels, the horizontal, vertical and diagonal alignment are analyzed.. Total displacement was presented for tunnel systems. Moreover, induced internal forces in tunnel lining have been computed. The paper presents a two-dimensional model using numerical simulations by PLAXIS program. Based on the calculated result, a higher displacement occurs in tunnel lining during the earthquake. The maximum change of internal forces during an earthquake occurs in shear force, then bending moment. Moreover, the normal force of tunnel lining is less affected by seismic actions.

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The increased penetration of photovoltaics (PVs) within power system on both islanded and grid-tied inverters encourages researchers to develop several maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. The main target of this chapter is to enable PV systems to participate effectively in power systems by harvesting the possible PV maximum power from a solar panel. Two evolutionary algorithms for MPPT were developed and compared, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and the recent cuckoo search (CS). The proposed controllers employ DC/DC boost converter to harvest the maximum power available from the PV resource. System programming and modeling is done using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The obtained results are compared with the mature perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm under several operating conditions such as irradiance, temperature, and partial shading. The developed controllers require only the PV voltage and current, which makes them economically cost and attractive in the PV transient and steady-state operating conditions.

The increased penetration of photovoltaics (PVs) within power system on both islanded and grid-tied inverters encourages researchers to develop several maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. The main target of this chapter is to enable PV systems to participate effectively in power systems by harvesting the possible PV maximum power from a solar panel. Two evolutionary algorithms for MPPT were developed and compared, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and the recent cuckoo search (CS). The proposed controllers employ DC/DC boost converter to harvest the maximum power available from the PV resource. System programming and modeling is done using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The obtained results are compared with the mature perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm under several operating conditions such as irradiance, temperature, and partial shading. The developed controllers require only the PV voltage and current, which makes them economically cost and attractive in the PV transient and steady-state operating conditions.

This paper presents a grid-connected double storage system (DSS) consisting of pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) and battery. The system is supplied by photovoltaics and wind turbines. In the proposed hybrid system, batteries absorb excess renewable energy that cannot be stored in PSH and they cover loads that cannot be supplied from the water turbine. To improve the system performance, a novel energy management strategy for the DSS is proposed. The strategy is based on an optimized factor that governs the charging process of the DSS. The problem of the optimal system design is solved by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The multi-objective function considers simultaneously the minimal investment cost and minimal CO2 emissions. A comparative study of photovoltaic/wind/pumped-storage hydropower and photovoltaic/wind/double storage system is performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in terms of system economic and environmental performance. The considered location of the PSH station is on Attaqa Mountain at Suez (Egypt). The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy for the storage system from economic and environmental perspectives. Coupling the battery with the PSH reduces the electricity cost by 22.2% and results in minimal energy exchange with the national grid (5% of the annual demand). A sensitivity analysis shows the largest variation of the electricity cost with changing the capital cost of the solar and wind generators. Also, it is observed that when the load increases, the optimal size of the system components increases, but it isn’t proportional with the demand increase as could be expected.

This paper presents a grid-connected double storage system (DSS) consisting of pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) and battery. The system is supplied by photovoltaics and wind turbines. In the proposed hybrid system, batteries absorb excess renewable energy that cannot be stored in PSH and they cover loads that cannot be supplied from the water turbine. To improve the system performance, a novel energy management strategy for the DSS is proposed. The strategy is based on an optimized factor that governs the charging process of the DSS. The problem of the optimal system design is solved by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The multi-objective function considers simultaneously the minimal investment cost and minimal CO2 emissions. A comparative study of photovoltaic/wind/pumped-storage hydropower and photovoltaic/wind/double storage system is performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in terms of system economic and environmental performance. The considered location of the PSH station is on Attaqa Mountain at Suez (Egypt). The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy for the storage system from economic and environmental perspectives. Coupling the battery with the PSH reduces the electricity cost by 22.2% and results in minimal energy exchange with the national grid (5% of the annual demand). A sensitivity analysis shows the largest variation of the electricity cost with changing the capital cost of the solar and wind generators. Also, it is observed that when the load increases, the optimal size of the system components increases, but it isn’t proportional with the demand increase as could be expected.

This paper presents a grid-connected double storage system (DSS) consisting of pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) and battery. The system is supplied by photovoltaics and wind turbines. In the proposed hybrid system, batteries absorb excess renewable energy that cannot be stored in PSH and they cover loads that cannot be supplied from the water turbine. To improve the system performance, a novel energy management strategy for the DSS is proposed. The strategy is based on an optimized factor that governs the charging process of the DSS. The problem of the optimal system design is solved by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The multi-objective function considers simultaneously the minimal investment cost and minimal CO2 emissions. A comparative study of photovoltaic/wind/pumped-storage hydropower and photovoltaic/wind/double storage system is performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in terms of system economic and environmental performance. The considered location of the PSH station is on Attaqa Mountain at Suez (Egypt). The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy for the storage system from economic and environmental perspectives. Coupling the battery with the PSH reduces the electricity cost by 22.2% and results in minimal energy exchange with the national grid (5% of the annual demand). A sensitivity analysis shows the largest variation of the electricity cost with changing the capital cost of the solar and wind generators. Also, it is observed that when the load increases, the optimal size of the system components increases, but it isn’t proportional with the demand increase as could be expected.