Type I diabetes (TID) is an autoimmune disease characterized by abnormalities in the defense mechanisms against a variety of infectious agents. Susceptibility to infections occurring in diabetic individuals is attributed to the decrease in the number of lymphocytes, which is probably a clinical consequence of the occurrence of apoptosis described in diabetes. TID is associated with increased cytokines that dampen lymphocytes proliferation, functions and subsequently increase risk to infection. Previous studies have reported an increase in IFN-α level which is associated with TID pathogenesis. In the present study, we further investigated the effect of blocking type I IFN receptor signaling pathway on the lymphocyte proliferation and functions within spleen as a secondary lymphoid organ in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type I diabetic mouse model. Three groups of mice were used (10 mice in each group): group 1, control non-diabetic mice; group 2, diabetic mice; and group 3, diabetic mice intraperitoneal injected with anti-IFNAR1 (10 mg/kg body weight once/day for up to 20 days). We found that diabetic mice exhibited increase in the apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and cell shrinkage; prolonged elevation in IFN-α and TNF-α levels and obvious reduction in spleen-homing T lymphocytes as compared to control mice. Interestingly, blocking type I IFN receptor of diabetic mice significantly decreased (P 0.05) apoptotic changes of the diabetic lymphocyte, significantly restored the distribution and numbers of T lymphocytes in the spleen and also decreased the level of IFN-α and TNF-α as compared to diabetic non treated mice. Our data revealed the correlation between the elevated levels of IFN-α during TID and the perturbation in lymphocyte architecture and distribution within lymphoid organs.

In this work, we study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a viscous nanofluid over a nonlinearly stretching sheet in the presence of thermal radiation, included in the energy equation, and variable wall temperature. A similarity transformation was used to transform the governing partial differential equations to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. An efficient numerical shooting technique with a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme was used to obtain the solution of the boundary value problem. The variations of dimensionless surface temperature, as well as flow and heat-transfer characteristics with the governing dimensionless parameters of the problem, which include the nanoparticle volume fraction j, the nonlinearly stretching sheet parameter n, the thermal radiation parameter NR, and the viscous dissipation parameter Ec, were graphed and tabulated. Excellent validation of the present numerical results has been achieved with the earlier nonlinearly stretching sheet problem of Cortell for local Nusselt number without taking the effect of nanoparticles.

A thermophilic Bacillus strain ASU7 was isolated from soil sample collected from Assiut governorate in Upper Egypt on latex rubber-containing medium at 45 °C. Genetically, the 16S bacterial ribosomal RNA gene of the strain ASU7 was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The sequence of the PCR product was compared with known 16S rRNA gene sequences in the GenBank database. Based on phylogenetic analyses, strain ASU7 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The strain was able to utilize Ficus elastica rubber latex as a sole source for carbon and energy. The ability for degradation was determined by measuring the increase in protein content of bacterium (mg/g dry wt), reduction in molecular weight (g/mol), and inherent viscosity (dl/g) of the latex. Moreover, the degradation was also confirmed by observing the growth of bacterium and formation of aldehyde or keto group using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and shiff's reagent, respectively.

This paper presents U–Pb ID-TIMS geochronological data from granitoids in the Hafafit area in the Central and South Eastern Desert, Egypt. It dates several Neoproterozoic magmatic pulses and metamorphic events, and constrains one episode of U, Nb and Ta mineralisation along the Nugrus Shear Zone, part of the Eastern Desert Shear Zone, to 608±1 Ma. The data testify to the localized nature of deformation in the Eastern Desert, illustrating that previous subdivisions of granitoids into “Older” and “Younger” based on field criteria are inadequate. With robust ages fromgranitoids in theMeatiq, El Sibai and El Shalul areas the newages indicate 6 pulses of magmatism and/or metamorphism at (1) 705–680, (2) c. 660, (3) 635–630, (4) 610–604, (5) 600–590 and (6) c. 540 Ma. Most pulses are defined by ages from granitoids in both gneiss windows/domes and in the overlying eugeoclinal allochthon; the two tiers represent different crustal levels of related rocks. We propose that pulses 1–3 are syn-orogenic, pulses 4 and 5 reflect exhumation of mid-crustal gneisses along the Eastern Desert Shear Zone, whereas the final pulse post-dates the East African orogeny. Based on available data we propose that the tectono-magmatic evolution above applies to the entire Eastern Desert.

The free convective heat transfer to the power-law non-Newtonian flow from a vertical plate in a porous medium saturated with nanofluid under laminar conditions is investigated. It is considered that the non-Newtonian nanofluid obeys the mathematical model of power-law. The model used for the nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The partial differential system governing the problem is transformed into an ordinary system via a usual similarity transformation. The numerical solutions of the resulting ordinary system are obtained. These solutions depend on the power-law index n, Lewis number Le, buoyancy-ratio number Nr, Brownian motion number Nb, and thermophoresis number Nt. For various values of n and Le, the effects of the influence parameters on the fluid behavior as well as the reduced Nusselt number are presented and discussed.

The free convective heat transfer to the power-law non-Newtonian flow from a vertical plate in a porous medium saturated with nanofluid under laminar conditions is investigated. It is considered that the non-Newtonian nanofluid obeys the mathematical model of power-law. The model used for the nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The partial differential system governing the problem is transformed into an ordinary system via a usual similarity transformation. The numerical solutions of the resulting ordinary system are obtained. These solutions depend on the power-law index n, Lewis number Le, buoyancy-ratio number Nr, Brownian motion number Nb, and thermophoresis number Nt. For various values of n and Le, the effects of the influence parameters on the fluid behavior as well as the reduced Nusselt number are presented and discussed.

This work is focused on the study of the natural convection boundary-layer flow over a downward-pointing vertical cone in a porous medium saturated with a non-Newtonian nanofluid in the presence of heat generation or absorption. The transformed boundary layer governing equations are solved numerically. The influences of pertinent parameters such as the heat generation or absorption, the solid volume fraction of nanoparticles and the type of nanofluid on the flow and heat transfer rate in terms of Nusselt number are discussed. Comparisons with previously published work on special cases of the problem are performed and found to be in excellent agreement. The generalized governing equations derived in this work can be applied to different cases of non-Newtonian fluids with different values of the power-law viscosity index. The results of this parametric study are shown graphically and the physical aspects of the problem are highlighted and discussed.

This work is focused on the study of the natural convection boundary-layer flow over a downward-pointing vertical cone in a porous medium saturated with a non-Newtonian nanofluid in the presence of heat generation or absorption. The transformed boundary layer governing equations are solved numerically. The influences of pertinent parameters such as the heat generation or absorption, the solid volume fraction of nanoparticles and the type of nanofluid on the flow and heat transfer rate in terms of Nusselt number are discussed. Comparisons with previously published work on special cases of the problem are performed and found to be in excellent agreement. The generalized governing equations derived in this work can be applied to different cases of non-Newtonian fluids with different values of the power-law viscosity index. The results of this parametric study are shown graphically and the physical aspects of the problem are highlighted and discussed.

The effect of yield stress on the free convective heat transfer of dilute liquid suspensions of nanofluids flowing on a vertical plate saturated in porous medium under laminar conditions is investigated considering the nanofluid obeys the mathematical model of power-law. The model used for non-Newtonian nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The governing boundary- layer equations are cast into dimensionless system which is solved numerically using a deferred correction technique and Newton iteration. This solution depends on yield stress parameter Ω, a power-law index n, Lewis number Le, a buoyancy-ratio number Nr, a Brownian motion number Nb, and a thermophoresis number Nt. Analyses of the results found that the reduced Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are decreasing functions of the higher yield stress parameter for each dimensionless numbers, n and Le, except the reduced Sherwood number is an increasing function of higher Nb for different values of yield stress parameter.