A total number of two hundred unsexed one-day old chicks of local turkey were used to study the effects of feed and feeders color management on the growth performance of birds in two experiments. In Experiment 1: colored feed (no color, yellow, red and green) and in Experiment 2: colored feeders (no color, yellow, red and green). All chicks were housed in batteries in four equal groups (3 replicates of 8 birds each). All experimental birds were raised under similar environmental and managerial conditions as well as supplied with clean water and feed all the time. The obtained results indicated that colored feed and feeders affected insignificantly body weight performance in local turkey, also no significant differences in percentages of feed consumption were found among all groups. It was concluded that the local turkey prefer green feed as well as green feeders over orange, yellow, red feeders and white, orange, yellow and red feeds, respectively. These results may be beneficial with respect to managerial application especially for crucial few weeks of local turkey during brooding period.

A total number of two hundred unsexed one-day old chicks of local turkey were used to study the effects of feed and feeders color management on the growth performance of birds in two experiments. In Experiment 1: colored feed (no color, yellow, red and green) and in Experiment 2: colored feeders (no color, yellow, red and green). All chicks were housed in batteries in four equal groups (3 replicates of 8 birds each). All experimental birds were raised under similar environmental and managerial conditions as well as supplied with clean water and feed all the time. The obtained results indicated that colored feed and feeders affected insignificantly body weight performance in local turkey, also no significant differences in percentages of feed consumption were found among all groups. It was concluded that the local turkey prefer green feed as well as green feeders over orange, yellow, red feeders and white, orange, yellow and red feeds, respectively. These results may be beneficial with respect to managerial application especially for crucial few weeks of local turkey during brooding period.

A total number of one hundred and twenty birds aged 4 weeks were randomly assigned into four equal groups to investigate the effect of feed odor on growth performance, carcass characteristics, plumage conditions and economical efficiency of local turkey. The first group was fed on non odor feed and considered as control group (C). While, the second, third and forth treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) were fed on feed with yolk odor, molasses odor and fish odor, respectively. The obtained results showed that treatments birds fed feed with molasses odor and fish odor throughout the experimental period had superior body weight, body weight gain, feed conversation and livability percentages compared to birds fed non odor feed or feed with yolk odor. Otherwise, no significant differences (P>0.05) existed in all carcass characteristics, blood constitutes, bone lengths (Shank, drumstick and keel bone) and plumage conditions. It could be concluded that birds fed feed with molasses odor and fish odor had high performance and economical efficiency. Consequently, diets for local turkey chicks should be added molasses odor and fish odor.

A total number of one hundred and twenty birds aged 4 weeks were randomly assigned into four equal groups to investigate the effect of feed odor on growth performance, carcass characteristics, plumage conditions and economical efficiency of local turkey. The first group was fed on non odor feed and considered as control group (C). While, the second, third and forth treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) were fed on feed with yolk odor, molasses odor and fish odor, respectively. The obtained results showed that treatments birds fed feed with molasses odor and fish odor throughout the experimental period had superior body weight, body weight gain, feed conversation and livability percentages compared to birds fed non odor feed or feed with yolk odor. Otherwise, no significant differences (P>0.05) existed in all carcass characteristics, blood constitutes, bone lengths (Shank, drumstick and keel bone) and plumage conditions. It could be concluded that birds fed feed with molasses odor and fish odor had high performance and economical efficiency. Consequently, diets for local turkey chicks should be added molasses odor and fish odor.

A total number of one hundred and twenty birds aged 4 weeks were randomly assigned into four equal groups to investigate the effect of feed odor on growth performance, carcass characteristics, plumage conditions and economical efficiency of local turkey. The first group was fed on non odor feed and considered as control group (C). While, the second, third and forth treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) were fed on feed with yolk odor, molasses odor and fish odor, respectively. The obtained results showed that treatments birds fed feed with molasses odor and fish odor throughout the experimental period had superior body weight, body weight gain, feed conversation and livability percentages compared to birds fed non odor feed or feed with yolk odor. Otherwise, no significant differences (P>0.05) existed in all carcass characteristics, blood constitutes, bone lengths (Shank, drumstick and keel bone) and plumage conditions. It could be concluded that birds fed feed with molasses odor and fish odor had high performance and economical efficiency. Consequently, diets for local turkey chicks should be added molasses odor and fish odor.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of light, emitted from incandescent, fluorescent and saving lamps on the growth performance, carcass traits, some blood parameters, age and body weight at sexual maturity, viability, productive and reproductive performance of Japanese quail birds. Therefore, 126 one day old chicks were randomly distributed into three groups (three replicates each of 14 birds). Birds in first group (control) were subjected to light produced by incandescent light bulbs (INC, C), while those in the second and third groups were reared under fluorescent bulbs (FLU, T1) and saving light bulbs (SAV, T2), respectively. All birds were raised under photoperiods of 12 and 16 hours per day during the growing and laying periods, with light intensities of 4-6 and 14-16 Luxes, respectively. Feed and water were available ad lib. and all the other managerial conditions were similar during the experimental period. The results could be concluded as follow: 1- The body weight BW increased relatively in birds exposed to light from the saving lamp, while the increase was only significant in birds subjected to light from the incandescent lamp. 2- The body weight decreased significantly in birds by using the Flu. Lamp. 3- The BWG increased significantly in birds exposed to light from the incandescent lamp, while the increase was only relative by using the saving lamps. 4- The light sources had no effect on the mortality rate during the experiment. 5- The dressing and the heart percentages improved relatively, while the improvement in the liver was significant by using the saving and the incandescent lamps as compared to the fluorescent lamp. 6- The use of the saving lamp improved significantly and the glucose percentages, while the improvement was only relative in albumen and total protein as compared with the incandescent and Fluorescent lamps. 7- The age and BW at sexual maturity decreased significantly in birds exposed to light from the saving as compared with the incandescent and Fluorescent lamps. 8- The average egg production female increased significantly by exposure to light from the saving as compared to incandescent and the Fluorescent lamps during the laying season. 9- The lighting costs decreased by 56.35% and 34.76% by using the saving and Fluorescent lamps than the incandescent during a 6-months experimental period. Taking in consideration these advantages it could be concluded that the use of saving lamps is highly recommend for raising Japanese quail birds, especially by small farmers.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of light, emitted from incandescent, fluorescent and saving lamps on the growth performance, carcass traits, some blood parameters, age and body weight at sexual maturity, viability, productive and reproductive performance of Japanese quail birds. Therefore, 126 one day old chicks were randomly distributed into three groups (three replicates each of 14 birds). Birds in first group (control) were subjected to light produced by incandescent light bulbs (INC, C), while those in the second and third groups were reared under fluorescent bulbs (FLU, T1) and saving light bulbs (SAV, T2), respectively. All birds were raised under photoperiods of 12 and 16 hours per day during the growing and laying periods, with light intensities of 4-6 and 14-16 Luxes, respectively. Feed and water were available ad lib. and all the other managerial conditions were similar during the experimental period. The results could be concluded as follow: 1- The body weight BW increased relatively in birds exposed to light from the saving lamp, while the increase was only significant in birds subjected to light from the incandescent lamp. 2- The body weight decreased significantly in birds by using the Flu. Lamp. 3- The BWG increased significantly in birds exposed to light from the incandescent lamp, while the increase was only relative by using the saving lamps. 4- The light sources had no effect on the mortality rate during the experiment. 5- The dressing and the heart percentages improved relatively, while the improvement in the liver was significant by using the saving and the incandescent lamps as compared to the fluorescent lamp. 6- The use of the saving lamp improved significantly and the glucose percentages, while the improvement was only relative in albumen and total protein as compared with the incandescent and Fluorescent lamps. 7- The age and BW at sexual maturity decreased significantly in birds exposed to light from the saving as compared with the incandescent and Fluorescent lamps. 8- The average egg production female increased significantly by exposure to light from the saving as compared to incandescent and the Fluorescent lamps during the laying season. 9- The lighting costs decreased by 56.35% and 34.76% by using the saving and Fluorescent lamps than the incandescent during a 6-months experimental period. Taking in consideration these advantages it could be concluded that the use of saving lamps is highly recommend for raising Japanese quail birds, especially by small farmers.

The effect of light type and program on egg production and quality using two hundred and sixteen Fayoumi chickens was studied for 8 periods (28 days/period) during the laying period from 24 to 56 wks of age. Experimental birds were randomly divided into six experimental groups (each group was divided into three replicates/ 12 birds each). Group 1, the birds were exposed to continuous common light program (12L: 12D/day) and was considered as a control ; Group 2, the birds were exposed to intermittent common light program (6L:6D) each 12hrs of day; Group 3, the birds were exposed to biomittent common light program (30 minutes light: 30minutes dark/hour for 12hrs of day); Group 4, the birds were exposed to continuous flash light program (12L: 12D/day); Group 5, the birds were exposed to intermittent flash light program (6L:6D) each 12hrs of day; Group 6, the birds were exposed to biomittent flash light program (30 minutes light: 30minutes dark/hour for 12hrs of day). Birds were reared under the same managerial, feeding and hygienic conditions throughout the experimental period. The results showed that there were not significant differences in body weight change between the light type, program and their interaction. Intermittent and biomittent lighting program improved feed conversion ratio, while flash lighting program decreased significantly egg weight values. Birds exposed to continuous common light program had significantly higher egg production percentage than those in flash lighting treatment. However, no significant effect on average of egg mass due to main effect of light type and program or the interaction between them. No significant effect due to light program on all egg quality traits. While, shell percentage and thickness (mm) for hens exposed to flash light had lower values than those in common light type. No significant effect on average of mortality rate due to main effect of light type and program or the interaction between them.

The effect of light type and program on egg production and quality using two hundred and sixteen Fayoumi chickens was studied for 8 periods (28 days/period) during the laying period from 24 to 56 wks of age. Experimental birds were randomly divided into six experimental groups (each group was divided into three replicates/ 12 birds each). Group 1, the birds were exposed to continuous common light program (12L: 12D/day) and was considered as a control ; Group 2, the birds were exposed to intermittent common light program (6L:6D) each 12hrs of day; Group 3, the birds were exposed to biomittent common light program (30 minutes light: 30minutes dark/hour for 12hrs of day); Group 4, the birds were exposed to continuous flash light program (12L: 12D/day); Group 5, the birds were exposed to intermittent flash light program (6L:6D) each 12hrs of day; Group 6, the birds were exposed to biomittent flash light program (30 minutes light: 30minutes dark/hour for 12hrs of day). Birds were reared under the same managerial, feeding and hygienic conditions throughout the experimental period. The results showed that there were not significant differences in body weight change between the light type, program and their interaction. Intermittent and biomittent lighting program improved feed conversion ratio, while flash lighting program decreased significantly egg weight values. Birds exposed to continuous common light program had significantly higher egg production percentage than those in flash lighting treatment. However, no significant effect on average of egg mass due to main effect of light type and program or the interaction between them. No significant effect due to light program on all egg quality traits. While, shell percentage and thickness (mm) for hens exposed to flash light had lower values than those in common light type. No significant effect on average of mortality rate due to main effect of light type and program or the interaction between them.

This study aimed to study the effects of early dietary supplementing with some performance promoters (Molasses, Sugar syrup and Yeast) to the Japanese quail starter ration during the first two weeks of age on the growth performance, carcass traits and some blood constituents. Chicks in first group (control, C) were fed on a commercial mash ration without any addition, while those in the treatments (1, 2 and 3) were fed on the same ration supplemented with (10g molasses, 10g sugar syrup and 10g yeast/kg ration), respectively. Feed and water were available ad lib. and all the other managerial conditions were the same during the experimental period. The important achieved results could be concluded as follow: 1- The chicks fed on a commercial starter supplemented with 10g yeast + 40 cm3 water/kg ration had significantly increased body weight, body weight gain, while the increase was only insignificant by supplementing 10 g sugar syrup and 10 g molasses as compared to the control group. 2- The carcass traits as well as some blood constituents of the birds fed on the starter ration, supplemented with each of the yeast, sugar syrup and molasses increased relatively, in addition to the decreased in mortality percentage as compared to those of the control group. Due to the previous advantages of the tested performance promoters, their use as early dietary supplementations during the first two weeks of Japanese quail age is highly recommended.