This experiment was carried out using 900 Japanese quail eggs to study the pre and post hatch performance of different eggs weight as affected by light intensity during incubation. Incubating eggs comprising of small (11g), medium (11-12g) and large (>12) weight categories incubated under the recommended conditions of the chicken eggs with light intensity 20-25 luxes or 40-50 luxes emitted from incandescent bulbs. The obtained results showed insignificant differences among eggs size groups for late dead embryo, dead in shell, chemical composition of embryo and chick quality scores. However, highly significant differences were observed in hatchability, early dead embryo, piped egg, egg weight loss, embryo weight percentages, hatch time and chick weight or weight loss, which improved in medium sized eggs. Insignificant differences among eggs size groups for egg production, chick sex, culled and chick weight loss. However, highly significant differences were observed in yolk-free body mass and quality scores, which improved in medium sized eggs. In regard to the effect of light intensity, it significant affected hatchability, embryo growth and moisture content of embryo, which improved in eggs incubated with light intensity 40-50 luxes. However it is not significant differences in dead embryo, dead in shell, egg weight loss, hatch time, chick weight or weight loss, chick quality scores. The incubated light intensity treatment (40-50 luxes) had significantly better chick weight and relative weight gain than light intensity (20-25 luxes). Also, light intensity significantly increased body temperature, chick breast, liver, ovary and residual yolk sac weight at the 1st and 2nd day of age as well as feed conversion and egg production. However, insignificant differences of yolk-free body mass, chick length, culled and chick weight loss, feed consumption and egg quality scores were observed among all experimental groups. Insignificant interactions of incubated light intensity× egg weight groups were existed in most studied traits except in yolk-free body mass, feed conversion and egg production. It could be concluded that the suitable results of pre and post hatch performance were obtained for medium sized eggs of Japanese quail with incubated light intensity 40-50 luxes. Therefore, it could be recommended that intensity treatment (40-50 luxes) could be applied successfully by the hatchery managers to have a better hatch performance without any significant negative effects on chick quality.

This experiment was carried out using 900 Japanese quail eggs to study the pre and post hatch performance of different eggs weight as affected by light intensity during incubation. Incubating eggs comprising of small (11g), medium (11-12g) and large (>12) weight categories incubated under the recommended conditions of the chicken eggs with light intensity 20-25 luxes or 40-50 luxes emitted from incandescent bulbs. The obtained results showed insignificant differences among eggs size groups for late dead embryo, dead in shell, chemical composition of embryo and chick quality scores. However, highly significant differences were observed in hatchability, early dead embryo, piped egg, egg weight loss, embryo weight percentages, hatch time and chick weight or weight loss, which improved in medium sized eggs. Insignificant differences among eggs size groups for egg production, chick sex, culled and chick weight loss. However, highly significant differences were observed in yolk-free body mass and quality scores, which improved in medium sized eggs. In regard to the effect of light intensity, it significant affected hatchability, embryo growth and moisture content of embryo, which improved in eggs incubated with light intensity 40-50 luxes. However it is not significant differences in dead embryo, dead in shell, egg weight loss, hatch time, chick weight or weight loss, chick quality scores. The incubated light intensity treatment (40-50 luxes) had significantly better chick weight and relative weight gain than light intensity (20-25 luxes). Also, light intensity significantly increased body temperature, chick breast, liver, ovary and residual yolk sac weight at the 1st and 2nd day of age as well as feed conversion and egg production. However, insignificant differences of yolk-free body mass, chick length, culled and chick weight loss, feed consumption and egg quality scores were observed among all experimental groups. Insignificant interactions of incubated light intensity× egg weight groups were existed in most studied traits except in yolk-free body mass, feed conversion and egg production. It could be concluded that the suitable results of pre and post hatch performance were obtained for medium sized eggs of Japanese quail with incubated light intensity 40-50 luxes. Therefore, it could be recommended that intensity treatment (40-50 luxes) could be applied successfully by the hatchery managers to have a better hatch performance without any significant negative effects on chick quality.

This experiment was carried out using 900 Japanese quail eggs to study the pre and post hatch performance of different eggs weight as affected by light intensity during incubation. Incubating eggs comprising of small (11g), medium (11-12g) and large (>12) weight categories incubated under the recommended conditions of the chicken eggs with light intensity 20-25 luxes or 40-50 luxes emitted from incandescent bulbs. The obtained results showed insignificant differences among eggs size groups for late dead embryo, dead in shell, chemical composition of embryo and chick quality scores. However, highly significant differences were observed in hatchability, early dead embryo, piped egg, egg weight loss, embryo weight percentages, hatch time and chick weight or weight loss, which improved in medium sized eggs. Insignificant differences among eggs size groups for egg production, chick sex, culled and chick weight loss. However, highly significant differences were observed in yolk-free body mass and quality scores, which improved in medium sized eggs. In regard to the effect of light intensity, it significant affected hatchability, embryo growth and moisture content of embryo, which improved in eggs incubated with light intensity 40-50 luxes. However it is not significant differences in dead embryo, dead in shell, egg weight loss, hatch time, chick weight or weight loss, chick quality scores. The incubated light intensity treatment (40-50 luxes) had significantly better chick weight and relative weight gain than light intensity (20-25 luxes). Also, light intensity significantly increased body temperature, chick breast, liver, ovary and residual yolk sac weight at the 1st and 2nd day of age as well as feed conversion and egg production. However, insignificant differences of yolk-free body mass, chick length, culled and chick weight loss, feed consumption and egg quality scores were observed among all experimental groups. Insignificant interactions of incubated light intensity× egg weight groups were existed in most studied traits except in yolk-free body mass, feed conversion and egg production. It could be concluded that the suitable results of pre and post hatch performance were obtained for medium sized eggs of Japanese quail with incubated light intensity 40-50 luxes. Therefore, it could be recommended that intensity treatment (40-50 luxes) could be applied successfully by the hatchery managers to have a better hatch performance without any significant negative effects on chick quality.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of light and feed colors on the growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, age and body weight at sexual maturity, viability of Japanese quail birds. Therefore, 180 one day old chicks were randomly distributed into six groups (three replicates each of 10 chicks). All chicks divided into two main groups; first group were reared under yellow light produced by led light bulbs, while those in the second group were reared under white light. Each main group was divided into 3 subgroups according to feed color (normal, yellow and green). All birds were raised under photoperiods of 12 hours per day with light intensities of 5-10 luxes. Feed and water were available ad-libtum and all the other managerial conditions were similar during the experimental period. The results could be concluded that body weight or gain and feed consumption or conversion significantly affected by light and feed colors. The liver and heart percentages improved relatively, while the improvement in the dressing was significant by using the green feed and yellow led light bulbs as compared to the others groups. The light and feed colors had no effect on some blood parameters and the mortality rate during the experiment. Taking in consideration these advantages it could be concluded that the use of yellow light lamps with green feed is highly recommend for raising Japanese quail birds.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of light and feed colors on the growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, age and body weight at sexual maturity, viability of Japanese quail birds. Therefore, 180 one day old chicks were randomly distributed into six groups (three replicates each of 10 chicks). All chicks divided into two main groups; first group were reared under yellow light produced by led light bulbs, while those in the second group were reared under white light. Each main group was divided into 3 subgroups according to feed color (normal, yellow and green). All birds were raised under photoperiods of 12 hours per day with light intensities of 5-10 luxes. Feed and water were available ad-libtum and all the other managerial conditions were similar during the experimental period. The results could be concluded that body weight or gain and feed consumption or conversion significantly affected by light and feed colors. The liver and heart percentages improved relatively, while the improvement in the dressing was significant by using the green feed and yellow led light bulbs as compared to the others groups. The light and feed colors had no effect on some blood parameters and the mortality rate during the experiment. Taking in consideration these advantages it could be concluded that the use of yellow light lamps with green feed is highly recommend for raising Japanese quail birds.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of light and feed colors on the growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, age and body weight at sexual maturity, viability of Japanese quail birds. Therefore, 180 one day old chicks were randomly distributed into six groups (three replicates each of 10 chicks). All chicks divided into two main groups; first group were reared under yellow light produced by led light bulbs, while those in the second group were reared under white light. Each main group was divided into 3 subgroups according to feed color (normal, yellow and green). All birds were raised under photoperiods of 12 hours per day with light intensities of 5-10 luxes. Feed and water were available ad-libtum and all the other managerial conditions were similar during the experimental period. The results could be concluded that body weight or gain and feed consumption or conversion significantly affected by light and feed colors. The liver and heart percentages improved relatively, while the improvement in the dressing was significant by using the green feed and yellow led light bulbs as compared to the others groups. The light and feed colors had no effect on some blood parameters and the mortality rate during the experiment. Taking in consideration these advantages it could be concluded that the use of yellow light lamps with green feed is highly recommend for raising Japanese quail birds.

A 3 x 3 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of 270 Cobb broiler chicks exposed to three lighting regimes viz. continues light (24L: 0D), restricted light (12L: 12D), intermittent light (6 L: 6 D) and fed three feeding regimes: continues feed (24F: 0NF), restricted feed (12F: 12NF), intermittent feed (6F: 6NF). Each group was replicated three times with 10 birds /replicate. The obtained results indicated that intermittent feed and light significantly (P≤0.05) affected body weight or gain, feed consumption or conversion ratios, dressed carcass, abdominal fat, leg problems, lymphoid organs and body temperature values. However, intermittent feed and light significantly had insignificant (P>0.05) effect on most carcass or meat quality, bone measurements, plumage conditions and blood parameters except meat tenderness, H / L Ratio and blood plasma T3 or T4 values. From the achieved results and economical evaluation, it could be concluded that rearing broilers chicks under intermittent light (6 L: 6 D) with continues feed (24F: 0NF), restricted feed (12F: 12NF), intermittent feed (6F: 6NF) improved growth performance and reduced carcass fat without any adverse physiological effects.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light flash program on the productive and reproductive performance economic efficiency of Dandarawi chickens. Three hundred and sixty birds were randomly distributed into three equal groups (120 birds each) and housed in floor pens and reared under continues light for 12 or 16 hours/day (C group), 6 or 8 h continues light +6 or 8 h flash light/day(T1 group) and 12 or 16 hours/day flash light (T2 group). The obtained results indicated that light flash program significantly affected body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion and dressed carcass percentages. However, it had insignificant effects on other carcass traits, genital organs percentages, egg laying rate, egg weight, body temperature, hatchability, plumage condition, mortality rate, quality traits except shell thickness and blood traits except cholesterol values. Flash lighting program decreased significantly age at sexual maturity and improved semen concentrations and fertility percentages. Economic efficiency of the chickens was precisely decreased in flash light treatments. Finally, flash light treatments for Dandrawi chickens during growing and laying periods may be recommended.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light flash program on the productive and reproductive performance economic efficiency of Dandarawi chickens. Three hundred and sixty birds were randomly distributed into three equal groups (120 birds each) and housed in floor pens and reared under continues light for 12 or 16 hours/day (C group), 6 or 8 h continues light +6 or 8 h flash light/day(T1 group) and 12 or 16 hours/day flash light (T2 group). The obtained results indicated that light flash program significantly affected body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion and dressed carcass percentages. However, it had insignificant effects on other carcass traits, genital organs percentages, egg laying rate, egg weight, body temperature, hatchability, plumage condition, mortality rate, quality traits except shell thickness and blood traits except cholesterol values. Flash lighting program decreased significantly age at sexual maturity and improved semen concentrations and fertility percentages. Economic efficiency of the chickens was precisely decreased in flash light treatments. Finally, flash light treatments for Dandrawi chickens during growing and laying periods may be recommended.

: A 3 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the performance of 180 Sasso broiler chicks exposed to three lighting regimes: continues light (24 CL), flashed+ continues light (12 FL : 12 CL), flashed light (24 FL): and two feeding regimes: continues feeding (24F: 0NF), intermittent feeding (6F: 6NF). Each group included three replicates with 10 birds /replicate. The obtained results indicated that intermittent feeding and flashed lighting regimes significantly (P≤0.05) affected body weight & gain, feed consumption & conversion ratios, some blood parameters, Heterophil/Lymphocyte ratio and body temperature values. However, it had insignificant (P>0.05) effect on most carcass traits, meat quality, bone measurements, plumage conditions and blood constitutes except liver and abdominal fat percentages and blood plasma AST or ALT values. From the achieved results and economic efficiency, it could be concluded that rearing Sasso broilers chicks under intermittent light (12 L: 12 D) with continues feed (24F: 0NF) or intermittent feed (6F: 6NF) improved growth performance and reduced abdominal fat without any adverse effects on physiological parameters or meat quality