An experiment with Dandarawi chickens was designed to see the impact of flash light (FL) stimulation on productive and reproductive performance. Three hundred, four weeks old chicks were divided into 5 equal groups (3 replicates of 20 birds each) and housed in floor pens. The first group, the birds were subjected to 12 and 16 hrs common light (CL)/day during the growing and laying periods, respectively and were considered as the control group (C). While, the second group (T1), birds were subjected to 12 hrs light (9 CL: 3 FL) and16 h light (12 CL:4 FL) during growing and laying periods, respectively. The third group (T2), birds were subjected to 12 hrs light (6 CL: 6 FL) and16 hrs light (8 CL: 8 FL) during growing and laying periods, respectively. The fourth group (T3), birds were subjected to 12 h light (3 CL: 9 FL) and16 h light (4 CL: 12 FL) during growing and laying periods, respectively. The fifth group (T4), birds were subjected to 12 and 16 hrs flash light (FL)/day during the growing and laying periods, respectively. Feed and water were available ad libtum and all the other conditions were the same during the experimental period. Results emanating from this study indicated that exposure of birds to flash light affected many of the studied traits and the effects were significant (P≤0.05) on body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, liver, giblets, abdominal fat, total lipids, blood AST, H/L ratio, egg number, egg shell thickness, egg yolk index, age at sexual maturity, fertility, semen volume & concentration, follicle number, testes and ovary percentages. While, there were no significant (P>0.05) differences in most carcass traits, blood components (protein, cholesterol, ALT), shell strength, Haugh units, egg components, leg problems, plumage conditions, bone lengths, semen pH, oviduct weight & length and hatchability percentages. Finally, the economical efficiency of the birds reared on12 hrs light (6CL: 6FL) during the growing period and birds provided with either 16 hrs of light (4CL: 12FL) for table eggs, as well as (8CL: 8FL) or (4CL: 12FL) for fertile eggs during laying periods were superior to that of birds in other groups. Light flashes program as bio-intermittent light might be economical alternative light to continuous or common light in sight and stimulation of internal organs or initiation of hormones release without negatively affecting the performance and welfare of chickens during growing and laying periods.

من الملاحظ إن الطلب على محاصيل الحبوب الغذائية فى الدول النامية يتأثر بصفة رئيسية بالتغيرات التى تحدث فى الإعداد السكانية التى تتزايد بمعدلات عالية تفوق نظريتها بالدول المتقدمة, وذلك بالإضافة إلى العديد من المتغيرات الأخرى ذات التأثير الفعال على طلب الحبوب والتى يأتى الدخل الفردى الحقيقى فى مقدمتها خصوصاً فى ضوء ما تتسم به مرونة الطلب الدخلية للحبوب من ارتفاع نسبى فى الدول النامية بالمقارنة بنظريتها فى الدول المتقدمة

من الملاحظ إن الطلب على محاصيل الحبوب الغذائية فى الدول النامية يتأثر بصفة رئيسية بالتغيرات التى تحدث فى الإعداد السكانية التى تتزايد بمعدلات عالية تفوق نظريتها بالدول المتقدمة, وذلك بالإضافة إلى العديد من المتغيرات الأخرى ذات التأثير الفعال على طلب الحبوب والتى يأتى الدخل الفردى الحقيقى فى مقدمتها خصوصاً فى ضوء ما تتسم به مرونة الطلب الدخلية للحبوب من ارتفاع نسبى فى الدول النامية بالمقارنة بنظريتها فى الدول المتقدمة

Hypotheses that have been tested for this study are the effects of some organic acids on availability and adsorption of phosphorus (P) in clay soil as well as corn growth and phosphorus uptake. In a pot experiment the used organic acids [citric, tartaric and their mixture at ratio of 1:1 (w/w)], were added to soil at levels of 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1% (w/w). This experiment was arranged in a randomized complete design with three replicates and planted by corn. The results obtained in this study reveal that organic acids addition significantly reduced P availability (Olsen-P) from 11.9 mg kg‒1 for control to 8.0 mg kg‒1 at 0.5 % level of citric and mixture of citric and tartaric acids. The maximal adsorption capacity of phosphorus (b) significantly increased with additions of organic acids. Applying mixture of citric and tartaric acids increased significantly sorption intensity constant (n). A significant increase of the sorption capacity constant (Kf) happened with mixed citric and tartaric acids at all concentrations. But, adding 1% citric acid and 1% tartaric acid to clay soil caused significant decreases in Kf parameter of phosphorus. The fresh weight of corn and P uptake were enhanced significantly with the addition of organic acids.

Field experiments were conducted to study the impact of weather factors and certain insecticides on the population of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) under cotton field conditions during 2013 and 2014 seasons. The cotton whitefly population started with average number of 0.83 and 0.33 insects/ plant in the 4th and the 2nd weeks of April and progressively increased throughout May and June during both seasons. The peak population of cotton whitefly reached 3.12 and 2.53 insects/ plant in average the 4th week of May and the 1st week of June. The results revealed that the relative humidity showed high significant negative correlation with the whitefly population, whereas, the maximum and minimum temperatures showed non-significant positive correlation. The foliar application of selected insecticides on the cotton whitefly under field conditions showed that all treatments caused significant reduction to whitefly population at 1, 7, 15 and 21 days after treatment as compared to the control. Thiamethoxam, malathion, and pirimicarb showed non- significant differences between them; and gave high efficiency reduction in whitefly population, as compared to acetamiprid, imidacloprid and dinotefuran. Thiamethoxam induced a maximum reduction in whitefly population with an average reduction of 80.72%. Malathion and pirimicarb showed similar effect with an average reduction of 50.23 to 46.82%. In contrast acetamiprid and dinotefuran showed intermediate results and were statistically similar in their efficiency with an average reduction of 20.08 and 38.88% during 2013 season. During 2014 season, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam caused the highest population reduction with an average 70.43 and 60.63%, whereas, acetamiprid and dinotefuran showed intermediate effect and were statistically similar in their efficiency with an average reduction of 44.78 and 45.48%. Results of this study indicated that the foliar application of neonicotinoid insecticides were highly effective against cotton whitefly, followed by pirimicarb and malathion in cotton fields.

Field experiments were conducted to study the impact of weather factors and certain insecticides on the population of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) under cotton field conditions during 2013 and 2014 seasons. The cotton whitefly population started with average number of 0.83 and 0.33 insects/ plant in the 4th and the 2nd weeks of April and progressively increased throughout May and June during both seasons. The peak population of cotton whitefly reached 3.12 and 2.53 insects/ plant in average the 4th week of May and the 1st week of June. The results revealed that the relative humidity showed high significant negative correlation with the whitefly population, whereas, the maximum and minimum temperatures showed non-significant positive correlation. The foliar application of selected insecticides on the cotton whitefly under field conditions showed that all treatments caused significant reduction to whitefly population at 1, 7, 15 and 21 days after treatment as compared to the control. Thiamethoxam, malathion, and pirimicarb showed non- significant differences between them; and gave high efficiency reduction in whitefly population, as compared to acetamiprid, imidacloprid and dinotefuran. Thiamethoxam induced a maximum reduction in whitefly population with an average reduction of 80.72%. Malathion and pirimicarb showed similar effect with an average reduction of 50.23 to 46.82%. In contrast acetamiprid and dinotefuran showed intermediate results and were statistically similar in their efficiency with an average reduction of 20.08 and 38.88% during 2013 season. During 2014 season, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam caused the highest population reduction with an average 70.43 and 60.63%, whereas, acetamiprid and dinotefuran showed intermediate effect and were statistically similar in their efficiency with an average reduction of 44.78 and 45.48%. Results of this study indicated that the foliar application of neonicotinoid insecticides were highly effective against cotton whitefly, followed by pirimicarb and malathion in cotton fields.

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Native potato starch was suspended in distilled water at starch: water ratio of 1:3 (w/v). The starch-water suspensions were then subjected to repeated annealing treatments (RANN) at 55 °C for 12 h, repeated for 8 cycles or continuous annealing treatments (CANN) at 55 °C for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The structural, physiochemical and digestive properties of the annealed starch samples were studied and compared with those of the native starch. The scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy analysis showed that the repeated and continuous annealing treatments could keep the integrity and surface perfection of the starch granules. The growth rings of the annealed starch granules were more distinct than those of the native starch granules as revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The crystallinity degree increased and the crystalline retained the B-type pattern after the annealing treatments. There were no chemical bonds and functional groups produced or disappeared during the applied annealing treatments. Infrared absorption peak intensity of starch decreased and short-range ordered structures increased after treatments. The swelling power and solubility decreased at low temperature (50 to 60 °C) and increased at relatively high temperature (70 to 90 °C). The rapid visco-analyzer and differential scanning calorimeter analysis revealed an increase in the setback, final viscosity, pasting temperature and gelatinization transition temperature, and a decrease in breakdown value of the starch after the annealing treatments. On the other hand, the repeated and continuous annealing treatments resulted in starch with low in vitro digestibility degree, indicating formation of resistant starch. Generally, the repeated annealing treatment resulted in starch with high improved properties compared with the starch resulted from the continuous annealing treatments. Therefore, the repeated annealing treatments can be suggested as an effective method for producing of modified starch for food industrial applications.

Broken rice-based flour was incorporated with 15, 30, and 45% (w/w) of stabilized rice bran and extruded by a co-rotating twin-screw extruder at temperatures of 90, 120 and 150 οC to produce extrudates with potential health benefits. The changes in physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the rice flour after the incorporation with SRB and extrusion were determined. The peak viscosity and thermal enthalpy (△Hg, J/g) of the rice flour declined as the incorporated amount of SRB and extrusion temperature increased. The incorporation of SRB improved the water absorption and reduced the water solubility of the rice flour; while both indexes enhanced after extrusion at certain temperatures. The incorporation of SRB and extrusion resulted in extrudates with higher content of resistant starch. Furthermore, the incorporation of SRB enhanced the free, bound, and total phenolic content of the rice flour. However, free and total phenolics content tended to decrease with the increase in extrusion temperature. DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP activities were found to be consistent with the phenolic content of samples. The obtained results suggest that rice flour based extrudates with potential health benefits can be produced through the incorporation of rice flour with stabilized rice bran and extrusion cooking.

Native potato starch was suspended in distilled water at starch: water ratio of 1:3 (w/v). The starch-water suspensions were then subjected to repeated annealing treatments (RANN) at 55 °C for 12 h, repeated for 8 cycles or continuous annealing treatments (CANN) at 55 °C for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The structural, physiochemical and digestive properties of the annealed starch samples were studied and compared with those of the native starch. The scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy analysis showed that the repeated and continuous annealing treatments could keep the integrity and surface perfection of the starch granules. The growth rings of the annealed starch granules were more distinct than those of the native starch granules as revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The crystallinity degree increased and the crystalline retained the B-type pattern after the annealing treatments. There were no chemical bonds and functional groups produced or disappeared during the applied annealing treatments. Infrared absorption peak intensity of starch decreased and short-range ordered structures increased after treatments. The swelling power and solubility decreased at low temperature (50 to 60 oC) and increased at relatively high temperature (70 to 90 oC). The rapid visco-analyzer and differential scanning calorimeter analysis revealed an increase in the setback, final viscosity, pasting temperature and gelatinization transition temperature, and a decrease in breakdown value of the starch after the annealing treatments. On the other hand, the repeated and continuous annealing treatments resulted in starch with low in vitro digestibility degree, indicating formation of resistant starch. Generally, the repeated annealing treatment resulted in starch with high improved properties compared with the starch resulted from the continuous annealing treatments. Therefore, the repeated annealing treatments can be suggested as an effective method for producing of modified starch for food industrial applications.