total number of 180 one-day old unsexed native turkey chicks were chosen for evaluating the response of turkeys to different feed odors and colors on growth performance, carcass characteristics, some meat quality and health traits. Birds were allocated in three main groups according to feed odor (non-odor, molasses and fish odors) and then each main group was divided to two sub-groups corresponded to non-colored and green colored feed, respectively. The findings indicated that birds fed diets of molasses or fish odors had significantly better values of body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Birds fed green color had heavier BW than those fed non color feed. BW, BWG and FC of birds fed green feed with molasses and fish odors significantly exceeded those of untreated feed at marketing age. No significant differences were found in each of some carcass traits, meat tender and juiciness due to feed odors, colors and their interactions. Liver percentage and meat flavor were increased in birds fed diets with molasses and fish odors than those of the non-odor group. Score of meat color was higher in birds fed green feed than those of the other group. Birds fed green feed with molasses or fish odor had the highest values of liver percentage, meat color and flavor scores. Plumage condition, H / L ratio and tonic immobility of turkeys fed green feed was significantly better than those of non-color group. No significant differences were found in plumage condition, body temperature, H / L ratio and tonic immobility due to feed odors. Considering the improved performance, it could be concluded that the native turkeys prefer green feed with molasses or fish odors over traditional one. Finally, the feeding on green colored feeds with molasses or fish odors for turkeys during growing period may be recommended.

This study was carried out using 1200 Japanese quail eggs to study the hatch performance of different eggs weight as affected by lighting during incubation. Incubating eggs comprising of small (9-10g), medium1 (10-11g), medium2 (11-12g) and large (12-12g) weight categories incubated under the recommended conditions of the quail eggs with lighting or without. The obtained results indicated that incubated light treatment had significantly better hatchability, chick weight and relative weight gain than dark condition. Also, it significantly increased body temperature, chick breast, liver, ovary and residual yolk sac weight at the 2nd day of age. However, insignificant differences of yolk-free body mass, chick sex, culled and chick weight loss and quality scores were observed among all experimental groups. In regard to the effect of egg size, insignificant differences among eggs size groups for chick sex, culled and chick weight loss. However, highly significant differences were observed in hatchability, yolk-free body mass and quality scores, which improved in medium sized eggs. Insignificant interactions of incubated light × egg weight groups were existed in most studied traits. It could be concluded that the suitable results of growth performance and health performance were obtained for medium sized eggs of Japanese quail with incubated light. Therefore, it could be recommended that light treatment could be applied successfully by the hatchery managers to have a better hatch performance without any significant negative effects on chick quality

This study was carried out using 1200 Japanese quail eggs to study the hatch performance of different eggs weight as affected by lighting during incubation. Incubating eggs comprising of small (9-10g), medium1 (10-11g), medium2 (11-12g) and large (12-12g) weight categories incubated under the recommended conditions of the quail eggs with lighting or without. The obtained results indicated that incubated light treatment had significantly better hatchability, chick weight and relative weight gain than dark condition. Also, it significantly increased body temperature, chick breast, liver, ovary and residual yolk sac weight at the 2nd day of age. However, insignificant differences of yolk-free body mass, chick sex, culled and chick weight loss and quality scores were observed among all experimental groups. In regard to the effect of egg size, insignificant differences among eggs size groups for chick sex, culled and chick weight loss. However, highly significant differences were observed in hatchability, yolk-free body mass and quality scores, which improved in medium sized eggs. Insignificant interactions of incubated light × egg weight groups were existed in most studied traits. It could be concluded that the suitable results of growth performance and health performance were obtained for medium sized eggs of Japanese quail with incubated light. Therefore, it could be recommended that light treatment could be applied successfully by the hatchery managers to have a better hatch performance without any significant negative effects on chick quality

This experiment was carried out using 900 Japanese quail eggs to study the pre and post hatch performance of different eggs weight as affected by light intensity during incubation. Incubating eggs comprising of small (11g), medium (11-12g) and large (>12) weight categories incubated under the recommended conditions of the chicken eggs with light intensity 20-25 luxes or 40-50 luxes emitted from incandescent bulbs. The obtained results showed insignificant differences among eggs size groups for late dead embryo, dead in shell, chemical composition of embryo and chick quality scores. However, highly significant differences were observed in hatchability, early dead embryo, piped egg, egg weight loss, embryo weight percentages, hatch time and chick weight or weight loss, which improved in medium sized eggs. Insignificant differences among eggs size groups for egg production, chick sex, culled and chick weight loss. However, highly significant differences were observed in yolk-free body mass and quality scores, which improved in medium sized eggs. In regard to the effect of light intensity, it significant affected hatchability, embryo growth and moisture content of embryo, which improved in eggs incubated with light intensity 40-50 luxes. However it is not significant differences in dead embryo, dead in shell, egg weight loss, hatch time, chick weight or weight loss, chick quality scores. The incubated light intensity treatment (40-50 luxes) had significantly better chick weight and relative weight gain than light intensity (20-25 luxes). Also, light intensity significantly increased body temperature, chick breast, liver, ovary and residual yolk sac weight at the 1st and 2nd day of age as well as feed conversion and egg production. However, insignificant differences of yolk-free body mass, chick length, culled and chick weight loss, feed consumption and egg quality scores were observed among all experimental groups. Insignificant interactions of incubated light intensity× egg weight groups were existed in most studied traits except in yolk-free body mass, feed conversion and egg production. It could be concluded that the suitable results of pre and post hatch performance were obtained for medium sized eggs of Japanese quail with incubated light intensity 40-50 luxes. Therefore, it could be recommended that intensity treatment (40-50 luxes) could be applied successfully by the hatchery managers to have a better hatch performance without any significant negative effects on chick quality.

This experiment was carried out using 900 Japanese quail eggs to study the pre and post hatch performance of different eggs weight as affected by light intensity during incubation. Incubating eggs comprising of small (11g), medium (11-12g) and large (>12) weight categories incubated under the recommended conditions of the chicken eggs with light intensity 20-25 luxes or 40-50 luxes emitted from incandescent bulbs. The obtained results showed insignificant differences among eggs size groups for late dead embryo, dead in shell, chemical composition of embryo and chick quality scores. However, highly significant differences were observed in hatchability, early dead embryo, piped egg, egg weight loss, embryo weight percentages, hatch time and chick weight or weight loss, which improved in medium sized eggs. Insignificant differences among eggs size groups for egg production, chick sex, culled and chick weight loss. However, highly significant differences were observed in yolk-free body mass and quality scores, which improved in medium sized eggs. In regard to the effect of light intensity, it significant affected hatchability, embryo growth and moisture content of embryo, which improved in eggs incubated with light intensity 40-50 luxes. However it is not significant differences in dead embryo, dead in shell, egg weight loss, hatch time, chick weight or weight loss, chick quality scores. The incubated light intensity treatment (40-50 luxes) had significantly better chick weight and relative weight gain than light intensity (20-25 luxes). Also, light intensity significantly increased body temperature, chick breast, liver, ovary and residual yolk sac weight at the 1st and 2nd day of age as well as feed conversion and egg production. However, insignificant differences of yolk-free body mass, chick length, culled and chick weight loss, feed consumption and egg quality scores were observed among all experimental groups. Insignificant interactions of incubated light intensity× egg weight groups were existed in most studied traits except in yolk-free body mass, feed conversion and egg production. It could be concluded that the suitable results of pre and post hatch performance were obtained for medium sized eggs of Japanese quail with incubated light intensity 40-50 luxes. Therefore, it could be recommended that intensity treatment (40-50 luxes) could be applied successfully by the hatchery managers to have a better hatch performance without any significant negative effects on chick quality.

This experiment was carried out using 900 Japanese quail eggs to study the pre and post hatch performance of different eggs weight as affected by light intensity during incubation. Incubating eggs comprising of small (11g), medium (11-12g) and large (>12) weight categories incubated under the recommended conditions of the chicken eggs with light intensity 20-25 luxes or 40-50 luxes emitted from incandescent bulbs. The obtained results showed insignificant differences among eggs size groups for late dead embryo, dead in shell, chemical composition of embryo and chick quality scores. However, highly significant differences were observed in hatchability, early dead embryo, piped egg, egg weight loss, embryo weight percentages, hatch time and chick weight or weight loss, which improved in medium sized eggs. Insignificant differences among eggs size groups for egg production, chick sex, culled and chick weight loss. However, highly significant differences were observed in yolk-free body mass and quality scores, which improved in medium sized eggs. In regard to the effect of light intensity, it significant affected hatchability, embryo growth and moisture content of embryo, which improved in eggs incubated with light intensity 40-50 luxes. However it is not significant differences in dead embryo, dead in shell, egg weight loss, hatch time, chick weight or weight loss, chick quality scores. The incubated light intensity treatment (40-50 luxes) had significantly better chick weight and relative weight gain than light intensity (20-25 luxes). Also, light intensity significantly increased body temperature, chick breast, liver, ovary and residual yolk sac weight at the 1st and 2nd day of age as well as feed conversion and egg production. However, insignificant differences of yolk-free body mass, chick length, culled and chick weight loss, feed consumption and egg quality scores were observed among all experimental groups. Insignificant interactions of incubated light intensity× egg weight groups were existed in most studied traits except in yolk-free body mass, feed conversion and egg production. It could be concluded that the suitable results of pre and post hatch performance were obtained for medium sized eggs of Japanese quail with incubated light intensity 40-50 luxes. Therefore, it could be recommended that intensity treatment (40-50 luxes) could be applied successfully by the hatchery managers to have a better hatch performance without any significant negative effects on chick quality.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of light and feed colors on the growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, age and body weight at sexual maturity, viability of Japanese quail birds. Therefore, 180 one day old chicks were randomly distributed into six groups (three replicates each of 10 chicks). All chicks divided into two main groups; first group were reared under yellow light produced by led light bulbs, while those in the second group were reared under white light. Each main group was divided into 3 subgroups according to feed color (normal, yellow and green). All birds were raised under photoperiods of 12 hours per day with light intensities of 5-10 luxes. Feed and water were available ad-libtum and all the other managerial conditions were similar during the experimental period. The results could be concluded that body weight or gain and feed consumption or conversion significantly affected by light and feed colors. The liver and heart percentages improved relatively, while the improvement in the dressing was significant by using the green feed and yellow led light bulbs as compared to the others groups. The light and feed colors had no effect on some blood parameters and the mortality rate during the experiment. Taking in consideration these advantages it could be concluded that the use of yellow light lamps with green feed is highly recommend for raising Japanese quail birds.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of light and feed colors on the growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, age and body weight at sexual maturity, viability of Japanese quail birds. Therefore, 180 one day old chicks were randomly distributed into six groups (three replicates each of 10 chicks). All chicks divided into two main groups; first group were reared under yellow light produced by led light bulbs, while those in the second group were reared under white light. Each main group was divided into 3 subgroups according to feed color (normal, yellow and green). All birds were raised under photoperiods of 12 hours per day with light intensities of 5-10 luxes. Feed and water were available ad-libtum and all the other managerial conditions were similar during the experimental period. The results could be concluded that body weight or gain and feed consumption or conversion significantly affected by light and feed colors. The liver and heart percentages improved relatively, while the improvement in the dressing was significant by using the green feed and yellow led light bulbs as compared to the others groups. The light and feed colors had no effect on some blood parameters and the mortality rate during the experiment. Taking in consideration these advantages it could be concluded that the use of yellow light lamps with green feed is highly recommend for raising Japanese quail birds.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of light and feed colors on the growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, age and body weight at sexual maturity, viability of Japanese quail birds. Therefore, 180 one day old chicks were randomly distributed into six groups (three replicates each of 10 chicks). All chicks divided into two main groups; first group were reared under yellow light produced by led light bulbs, while those in the second group were reared under white light. Each main group was divided into 3 subgroups according to feed color (normal, yellow and green). All birds were raised under photoperiods of 12 hours per day with light intensities of 5-10 luxes. Feed and water were available ad-libtum and all the other managerial conditions were similar during the experimental period. The results could be concluded that body weight or gain and feed consumption or conversion significantly affected by light and feed colors. The liver and heart percentages improved relatively, while the improvement in the dressing was significant by using the green feed and yellow led light bulbs as compared to the others groups. The light and feed colors had no effect on some blood parameters and the mortality rate during the experiment. Taking in consideration these advantages it could be concluded that the use of yellow light lamps with green feed is highly recommend for raising Japanese quail birds.

A 3 x 3 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of 270 Cobb broiler chicks exposed to three lighting regimes viz. continues light (24L: 0D), restricted light (12L: 12D), intermittent light (6 L: 6 D) and fed three feeding regimes: continues feed (24F: 0NF), restricted feed (12F: 12NF), intermittent feed (6F: 6NF). Each group was replicated three times with 10 birds /replicate. The obtained results indicated that intermittent feed and light significantly (P≤0.05) affected body weight or gain, feed consumption or conversion ratios, dressed carcass, abdominal fat, leg problems, lymphoid organs and body temperature values. However, intermittent feed and light significantly had insignificant (P>0.05) effect on most carcass or meat quality, bone measurements, plumage conditions and blood parameters except meat tenderness, H / L Ratio and blood plasma T3 or T4 values. From the achieved results and economical evaluation, it could be concluded that rearing broilers chicks under intermittent light (6 L: 6 D) with continues feed (24F: 0NF), restricted feed (12F: 12NF), intermittent feed (6F: 6NF) improved growth performance and reduced carcass fat without any adverse physiological effects.