A total number of one hundred and twenty birds aged one day were randomly assigned into four equal groups to investigate the effect of feed color on growth performance, carcass characteristics and economical efficiency of broiler. The first group fed non color feed and considered as control group (C). While, second, third and forth treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) were fed on green, orange and red feed, respectively. The obtained results showed that feed color treatments had significant effect on body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversation and healthy traits throughout the experimental period. Also, there are significant differences in carcass color, dressed carcass percentages, carcass cut-up parts percentages or muscles (breast, drum and thigh), giblets (heart, liver and gizzard), carcass deep (cm) and abdominal fat percentages. However, no significant differences (P>0.05) existed in most meat quality traits, all blood constitutes and bon measurements. It could be concluded that birds fed orange feed had high performance and economical efficiency. Consequently, feed color for broiler chicks should be in orange color

The study was undertaken to determine the effect of dietary vitamin D supplementation in relation to light type on the productive and reproductive performance economic efficiency of Dandarawi chickens. Three hundred and sixty birds were randomly distributed into two main groups and received 0 and 50 ppm vitamin D. Each main group were divided into 3 equal groups (60 birds each) and housed in floor pens and reared under continues light for 12 hours per day, 6 h continues light +6 h flash light/day and 12 hours per day flash light, respectively from 4 wks till thirty six weeks of age. The obtained results showed that body weight, body weight gain and feed consumption were significantly increased at 50 ppm vitamin D level. However, No significant differences were observed in all carcass characteristic, genital organs percentages and all blood constitutes except cholesterol values under vitamin D levels. Egg laying rate and sperm concentrations increased significantly in birds fed diets added 50 ppm vitamin D level, while age at sexual maturity decreased significantly. No significant effect on average of egg weight, plumage condition, fertility, most semen quality (volume, color ,pH), egg quality traits except shell thickness due to main effect of vitamin D level and light program or the interaction between them. At 50 ppm vitamin D level improved significantly (P≤0.05) hatchability percentages and decreased body temperature. In addition, light type significantly affected body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion and dressed carcass. However, it had insignificant effects on other carcass traits, genital organs percentages, egg laying rate, egg weight, body temperature, hatchability, plumage condition, mortality rate, quality traits except shell thickness and blood traits except cholesterol values. Flash lighting program decreased significantly age at sexual maturity and improved semen concentrations and fertility percentages. Economic efficiency of the chickens was precisely decreased at dietary vitamin D level and flash light treatments. Finally, the dietary vitamin D level and flash light treatments for Dandrawi chickens during growing and laying periods may be recommended

This study was carried out using 900 Dandarawi chicken eggs to study the hatch performance of different eggs weight as affected by light intensity during incubation. Incubating eggs comprising of small (42g), medium (42-46) and large (>46) weight categories incubated under the recommended conditions of the chicken eggs with light intensity 10-20 luxes or 50-60 luxes emitted from incandescent bulbs. The obtained results showed Results indicated that incubated light intensity treatment (50-60 luxes) had significantly better chick weight and relative weight gain than light intensity (10-20luxes). Also, light intensity significantly increased body temperature, chick breast, liver, ovary and residual yolk sac weight at the 2nd day of age. However, insignificant differences of yolk-free body mass, chick sex, culled and chick weight loss and egg quality scores were observed among all experimental groups. In regard to the effect of egg size, insignificant differences among eggs size groups for egg production chick sex, culled and chick weight loss. However, highly significant differences were observed in yolk-free body mass and quality scores, which improved in medium sized eggs. Insignificant interactions of incubated light intensity× egg weight groups were existed in most studied traits except in yolk-free body mass. It could be concluded that the suitable results of growth performance and health performance were obtained for medium sized eggs of Dandarawi chicken with incubated light intensity 50-60 luxes. Therefore, it could be recommended that intensity treatment (50-60 luxes) could be applied successfully by the hatchery managers to have a better hatch performance without any significant negative effects on chick quality.

This experiment was carried out using 900 Dandarawi chicken eggs to study the hatch performance of different eggs weight as affected by light intensity during incubation. Incubating eggs comprising of small (42g), medium (42-46) and large (>46) weight categories incubated under the recommended conditions of the chicken eggs with light intensity 10-20 luxes or 50-60 luxes emitted from incandescent bulbs. The obtained results showed insignificant differences among eggs size groups for late dead embryo, dead in shell, chemical composition of embryo and chick quality scores. However, highly significant differences were observed in hatchability, early dead embryo, piped egg, egg weight loss, embryo weight percentages, hatch time and chick weight or weight loss, which improved in medium sized eggs. In regard to the effect of light intensity, it significant affected hatchability, embryo growth and moisture content of embryo, which improved in eggs incubated with light intensity 50-60 luxes. However it is not significant differences in dead embryo, dead in shell, egg weight loss, hatch time, chick weight or weight loss, chick quality scores. Insignificant interactions of incubated light intensity× egg weight groups were existed in most studied traits. It could be concluded that the suitable results of hatchability and hatch performance were obtained for medium sized eggs of Dandarawi chicken with incubated light intensity 50-60 luxes

Six hundred eggs from Rhode Island Red were illuminated at two levels of light intensity during incubation period to investigate the hatch performance of different eggs color. All eggs were randomly distributed into two groups according to light intensity level (10-20 luxes or 50-60 luxes). Each group were divided to three subgroups according to pigmentation level (light, medium and heavy) and incubated under the recommended conditions. The obtained results showed insignificant differences among eggs color groups for late dead embryo, dead in shell, chemical composition of embryo and chick quality scores. However, highly significant differences were observed in hatchability, early dead embryo, piped egg, egg weight loss, embryo weight percentages, hatch time and chick weight or weight loss. In regard to the effect of light intensity, it affected hatchability, embryo growth and moisture content of embryo. However it is not significant differences in dead embryo, dead in shell, egg weight loss, hatch time, chick weight or weight loss, chick quality scores. Significant interactions of incubated light intensity × egg color groups were existed in most studied traits. It could be concluded that the suitable results of hatchability and hatch performance were obtained for medium light shell pigmentation of Rhode Island Red eggs with incubated light intensity 10-20 luxes

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This study aimed to compare economically between the impact of three light sources on the growth performance of Japanese quail. The experiment of this study lasted 56 days and included 126 one day old chicks divided in 3 groups X 3 replicates each of 4 males and 10 females. They were raised in battery cages under similar managerial conditions, subjected to light from 60 watt incandescent, 40-watt fluorescent and 26 watt saving lamps for 8 light hours/ daily with intensity of 14-16 Lux during the first three days and 4-6 Lux during the rest of the experiment. They were individually weighed every week, while the body weight gain (BWG) was calculated biweekly. The averages of female body weight (BW) and age at sexual maturity were determined. Simi-larly, the averages of feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion ration (FCR) were also determined. At the end of the experiment, 6-fasted females were slaughtered and 6 blood samples per group were taken to determine some blood components and to estimate the carcass quality. The lighting costs included both of the power cost (kw/LE) and the value of the lamp depreciation, (lighting hours / life span of the lamp X lamp price LE). The results revealed that: 1-The average BW of females exposed to light from fluorescent (FLU,T1) was significantly lighter at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks than those of the control (INC) and the saving lamps (T2). 2- The average Total BWG (204.76 g) in T1 (flu) de-creased significantly than those 214.61 and 216.85g of T2 and the control, re-spectively. 3- The least average FC (692.30 g) was recorded in T2 (saving) de-creasing significantly than those 712.60 and 721.47 g of T1 and the control, re-spectively. 4- The best average FCR (3.12) was recorded in T2 improving sig-nificantly than that 3.42 of T1 and insignificantly than 3.22 of the control. 5- The least average of females BW at sexual maturity (204.48 g) was found in T1 de-creasing significantly than those 212.42 and 220.04 g of T2 and the control, re-spectively. 6- The minimal age at sexual maturity was found in T2 (saving) de-creasing significantly than that of the control and T1 (flu). 7- The use of the sav-ing lamps minimized the lighting costs by 56.43% than that of control. Taking in consideration the above mentioned advantages, it could be con-cluded that the use of saving lamp is highly recommended for raising Japanses Quail birds economically.

This study aimed to compare economically between the impact of three light sources on the growth performance of Japanese quail. The experiment of this study lasted 56 days and included 126 one day old chicks divided in 3 groups X 3 replicates each of 4 males and 10 females. They were raised in battery cages under similar managerial conditions, subjected to light from 60 watt incandescent, 40-watt fluorescent and 26 watt saving lamps for 8 light hours/ daily with intensity of 14-16 Lux during the first three days and 4-6 Lux during the rest of the experiment. They were individually weighed every week, while the body weight gain (BWG) was calculated biweekly. The averages of female body weight (BW) and age at sexual maturity were determined. Simi-larly, the averages of feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion ration (FCR) were also determined. At the end of the experiment, 6-fasted females were slaughtered and 6 blood samples per group were taken to determine some blood components and to estimate the carcass quality. The lighting costs included both of the power cost (kw/LE) and the value of the lamp depreciation, (lighting hours / life span of the lamp X lamp price LE). The results revealed that: 1-The average BW of females exposed to light from fluorescent (FLU,T1) was significantly lighter at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks than those of the control (INC) and the saving lamps (T2). 2- The average Total BWG (204.76 g) in T1 (flu) de-creased significantly than those 214.61 and 216.85g of T2 and the control, re-spectively. 3- The least average FC (692.30 g) was recorded in T2 (saving) de-creasing significantly than those 712.60 and 721.47 g of T1 and the control, re-spectively. 4- The best average FCR (3.12) was recorded in T2 improving sig-nificantly than that 3.42 of T1 and insignificantly than 3.22 of the control. 5- The least average of females BW at sexual maturity (204.48 g) was found in T1 de-creasing significantly than those 212.42 and 220.04 g of T2 and the control, re-spectively. 6- The minimal age at sexual maturity was found in T2 (saving) de-creasing significantly than that of the control and T1 (flu). 7- The use of the sav-ing lamps minimized the lighting costs by 56.43% than that of control. Taking in consideration the above mentioned advantages, it could be con-cluded that the use of saving lamp is highly recommended for raising Japanses Quail birds economically.

One hundred and eighty, one day old Japanese Quail chicks were randomly assigned into three equal groups, each of 60 chicks to investigate their growth performance, leg problems, breast blisters and airborne dust particulates as well as the litter conditions affected by raising birds on some litters composed of different materials during the period from 0 to 8 weeks of age. Chicks in the first group (control; C) were raised on shopped wheat straw litter, while those in the second and third groups (L1 and L2) were raised on mixed litters composed of 25% of each of rice hulls, wheat straw, wood sawdust and clay as well as on 20 % of each of rice hulls, wheat straw, wood sawdust and 40 % clay, respectively. All birds were raised under similar environmental, managerial and hygienic conditions. The achieved results revealed that birds of the control (C), L1 and L2 groups had almost similar body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion values, while birds of L1 group had significantly (P≤0.05) higher body weight gain and less leg problems, breast blisters, mortality percentages as compared to those of C and L2 groups. There were only very limited differences in the litter moisture percentage, bacterial count, airborne organic dust particulates and ammonia concentrations among the tested litter types. The economic efficiency (EE), in relation to the use of the litter type exceeded remarkably in the L1than those of C and L2 groups. Therefore, the use of the clay at a level of 25% as a component of the litter for growing Japanese quail is highly recommended to achieve good growth performance coincided with adequate litter conditions and airborne dust particulates