Ticks, particularly Rhipicephalus annulatus, pose significant threats to livestock, causing economic losses and
transmitting various infectious diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the potential acaricidal properties of garlic
oil and its nanoemulsion against ticks infesting cattle, Rhipicephalus annulatus through the evaluation of mortality
rate and morphological changes of the treated ticks. The study also included prevalence, risk factors, and molecular
confirmation of tick species. Genetic characterization confirmed the identity of R. annulatus. Our results
revealed a high prevalence of R. annulatus (46.9%) with a higher risk in male cattle (50%) than females (44.9%)
and a nonsignificant high infection (49.1%) in animals ≤ 1 year old. The acaricidal efficiency of garlic oil and its
nanoemulsion was concentration and time-dependent. The high concentration of garlic oil (20 mg/L) induced
complete mortality within 48 hours. The nanoemulsion formulation enhanced efficacy, particularly at 5 mg/L,
which exhibited rapid and substantial acaricidal activity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological
alterations induced by garlic oil and its nanoemulsion, including changes to the anterior capitulum, dorsal, and
ventral cuticles. The study contributes to the exploration of effective, safe, and eco-friendly alternatives for tick
control. Further research is warranted to validate their efficacy under diverse conditions and assess practical
strategies.

Trichinellosis is a foodborne zoonotic disease caused by T. spiralis affecting human and animals.
Treatment with commercially available drugs has not been satisfactory due to rapid development
of drug-resistant particularly against encapsulated larvae. There is an increasing
need to discover alternative anthelminthics agents from medicinal plants. The present study
evaluated the in vitro antiparasitic activities of myrrh crude extract and myrrh volatile oil on T.
spiralis larvae compared to albendazole to estimate their sublethal concentrations on the infectivity
of T. spiralis larvae in mice. The in vitro effect of these agents was evaluated by assessing
mortality rate and by a scanning electron microscopic analysis of ultrastructural changes in
the cuticle of the larvae. The surface changes induced by crude myrrh extract and albendazole
were more severe than those observed after exposure to myrrh volatile oil. All responses to the
substances were time dose-dependent and highly significantly different from the control group
(p<0.001). 100% mortality rate of larvae occurred on the 4th day at 3, 5, &7mg/ml of myrrh crude
extract, on the 7th day with volatile oil while total larval death occurred on the 1st day of exposure
in to 5, 10, 15 & 20μg/ml of albendazole. In vitro exposure to sublethal dose of albendazole,
crude myrrh extract and volatile oil extract resulted in infectivity reduction by 100%, 98%
& 88% respectively in intestinal phase and 100%, 98% &59% respectively in muscular phase.
Keywords: In vitro, Trichinella spiralis, Albendazole, Myrrh crude, Myrrh volatile oil

Dicrocoelium dendriticum, the small liver fluke, is capable of parasitizing the gall bladder and liver of various mammalian species, especially ruminants. In Egypt, there was no previous abattoir-based research concerned with the incidence of dicrocoeliasis. The objective of our study is to record hepatic dicrocoeliasis in imported beef cattle of Sudanese origin that were slaughtered at Abu-Simbel abattoir, Aswan Governorate, Egypt and describe the detailed hepatic gross as well as histopathological changes induced by it. During a period from December 2020 to October 2021, 1575 liver specimens were examined from which 172 cases showed gross pathological lesions. After collection, affected specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin, then they were prepared for histopathological examination. The recorded incidence of hepatic dicrocoeliasis was 7.5% among the affected cases. The affected liver showed fibrosis and paleness with irregular yellowish foci on its surface. Fibrous tissue proliferation was seen surrounding bile ducts. Histopathologically, parasitic eggs were detected in affected liver tissues where they stimulated a granulomatous inflammatory reaction with hepatocellular necrosis and infiltrations of neutrophils, eosinophils and giant cells. Portal fibrosis resulted in the formation of pseudolobules. As a consequence, hepatic dicrocoeliasis is prevalent in imported Sudanese beef cattle and these animals should be protected from snail-infected regions and subjected to careful inspection by veterinarians in slaughterhouses.

Background This study investigates the genetic characteristics of Capillaria isolates from the infected fish, Bagrus
bajad, and their relation to human Capillaria philippinensis using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR)
analysis. Fifteen fish Capillaria were isolated and compared to identified human C. philippinensis using six primers:
M-are, M-1, G-7, G-11, G-15, and G-18.
Results All six primers successfully amplified DNA, highlighting their efficacy in distinguishing between human
and fish Capillaria isolates. The analysis revealed distinctive banding patterns between fish and human isolates, with
variations in size and number of DNA fragments. Additionally, genetic similarity analysis showed intriguing patterns of
relatedness, with certain pairs exhibiting high similarity percentages. Comparative assessment of RAPD polymorphism
demonstrated consistent findings of 100% polymorphism across all primers. The Unweighted Pair Group Method
with Arithmetic Mean Algorithm (UPGMA) evaluated the closest relationship between human and fish isolates. These
results underscore the utility of RAPD analysis in delineating the genetic diversity among Capillaria isolates from
different hosts.
Conclusion Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the genetic variability and relatedness among
Capillaria isolates, shedding light on their evolutionary dynamics and zoonotic potential.
Keywords Capillaria, Fish, Genetic similarity, Relatedness, RAPD polymorphism

In our country, imported Sudanese cattle are supposed to be an important source of high-quality
protein, which is obtained from their meat and milk. Consequently, strict veterinary inspection
should be applied to these animals in slaughterhouses before being subjected to human
consumption. This study aims to report the unusual migration of Taenia sagniata larvae (Cysticercus
bovis) to the liver of these animals and describe the pathological changes stimulated by them. In a
survey started in December 2020 and ended by October 2021, 1575 livers were carefully inspected
and examined, from which 172 specimens were condemned for different lesions. Prevalence of
cysticercosis was 1% (16/1575) among the totally examined livers. However, out of the rejected
specimens, cysticercosis occurred at a percentage of 9.3% (16\172). 5 livers showed a single cyst,
while 11 showed multiple. The total cyst count was 44, of which 28/44 (63.6%) were viable with thin
transparent walls and discharging of spotted scolex on incision. However, 16/44 (36.3%) cysts were
degenerated and appeared firm, pale yellowish, with firm consistency. The morphological appearance
of the liver varied from normal structure and consistency to swollen with rounded borders.
Histopathological analysis showed a fully developed bladder-like cyst with its invaginated scolex in
liver tissues resulting in necrotic changes in hepatocytes, fibrosis and inflammatory infiltrate. Due to
the significant risk of Cysticercus bovis to human health, meat inspection must be carefully
considered.

for advancing nutrition and ensuring food security. Amaranthus blitum L. (AB) stands out as one such crop with a traditional
history of being used to treat intestinal disorders, roundworm infections, and hemorrhage. This study aimed
to evaluate the anthelmintic and hematologic activities across various extracts of AB and investigate the phytoconstituents
responsible for these activities.
Methods In vitro anthelmintic activity against Trichinella spiralis was evaluated in terms of larval viability reduction.
The anti-platelet activities were assessed based on the inhibitory effect against induced platelet aggregation. Further,
effects on the extrinsic pathway, the intrinsic pathway, and the ultimate common stage of blood coagulation, were
monitored through measuring blood coagulation parameters: prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin
time (aPTT), and thrombin time (TT), respectively. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic
analysis.
Results Interestingly, a previously undescribed compound (19), N-(cis-p-coumaroyl)-ʟ-tryptophan, was isolated
and identified along with 21 known compounds. Significant in vitro larvicidal activities were demonstrated
by the investigated AB extracts at 1 mg/mL. Among tested compounds, compound 18 (rutin) displayed the highest
larvicidal activity. Moreover, compounds 19 and 20 (N-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-ʟ-tryptophan) induced complete
larval death within 48 h. The crude extract exhibited the minimal platelet aggregation of 43.42 ± 11.69%, compared
with 76.22 ± 14.34% in the control plasma. Additionally, the crude extract and two compounds 19 and 20 significantly
inhibited the extrinsic coagulation pathway.
Conclusions These findings extend awareness about the nutritional value of AB as a food, with thrombosis-preventing
capabilities and introducing a promising source for new anthelmintic and anticoagulant agents.
Keywords Amaranthus blitum L., Amaranthaceae, Anthelmintic, Haemostatic, Anti-coagulant, Anti-platelet

In our pursuit of an alternative drug against Trichinella spiralis, we assessed the effectiveness of nanocurcumin in alleviating pathogenesis,
parasitological factors, MMP-9 levels, and its expression in the enteral and parenteral phases of infection. The nanocurcumin particles, with a
spherical shape and a size of 100 ± 20 nm, were used in the study. Eighty mice were divided into four groups: the control group, the
untreated infected group, the nanocurcumin-treated group, and the albendazole-treated group. The nanocurcumin-treated group exhibited a
statistically significant increase in the percentage of lymphocytes, along with a reduction in neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils
compared to the untreated, infected group. Both the nanocurcumin (87.2 and 97.3%) and the albendazole-treated groups (99.8 and 98.2%)
showed a significant reduction in the mean number of intestinal worms and encysted larvae, respectively. The treated groups exhibited
normal intestinal villi, suppression of the inflammatory process, and fewer instances of degenerated larvae in the diaphragm and muscle
compared to the untreated, infected group. Immunohistochemistry and ELISA analyses revealed a significant downregulation of MMP-9
levels in the intestines and muscles of the treated groups. Our data demonstrate that nanocurcumin contains highly versatile molecules
capable of modulating biological activity against inflammation and its pathway markers.

This research paper presents the epidemiological data and clinical manifestations of blood parasitic infections in cattle. A total of 130 blood samples were collected from animals exhibiting clinical signs suggestive of blood parasitic infection. Microscopic examination of blood smears revealed an overall infection rate of 46.2% among the examined cattle. Theileria sp. infections were found to be the most prevalent, with an overall prevalence of 40%. Babesia sp. infections had a lower overall prevalence of 6.2%, Microscopic examination also highlighted the intracellular localization of Theileria and Babesia parasites within red blood cells. The infected red blood cells exhibited morphological changes, appearing enlarged and distorted compared to unaffected cells. The study analyzed the risk factors for Theileria sp. and Babesia sp. infections in cattle, specifically focusing on age and gender. The prevalence of Theileria sp. infection was highest in cattle less than one year, with no significant difference observed among different age groups or genders. Similarly, there was no significant difference in Babesia sp. infection rates based on age or gender. These results provide valuable insights into the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of blood parasitic infections in cattle. The findings can contribute to the development of effective control and prevention strategies, highlighting the importance of regular surveillance and management practices in mitigating the impact of these infections on cattle health and productivity.

Trichinella spiralis infection is a food-borne zoonotic disease caused by nematodes
that dwell in the tissues, presenting a significant public health concern. This study
aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments including silver nanoparticles
(AgNPs), myrrh biosynthesized AgNPs “AgNPs synthesized using plant-based
green technologies”, myrrh extract, and myrrh essential oil, as alternative treatments
against T. spiralis infection. Parasitological, histopathological, and cytotoxicity assessments
were conducted to investigate the effects of various concentrations of these
treatments in reducing the populations of adult worms and larvae during both the
intestinal and muscular phases of T. spiralis-infected mice. The results showed that
the highest antihelminthic efficacy against the intestinal phase of T. spiralis was
achieved by myrrh extract (86.66%), followed closely by AgNPs (84.96%) and myrrh
AgNPs (82.51%) at higher concentrations (800 mg/kg for myrrh extract, 40 μg/mL
for AgNPs, and 40 μg/mL for myrrh AgNPs). While the group treated with myrrh
essential oil showed the lowest percentage of adult reduction (78.14%). However, all
treatments demonstrated comparable effects in reducing the larvae population in the
muscle phase. Histopathological examination of the tissues revealed compelling evidence
of the effectiveness of AgNPs, particularly when prepared with myrrh. Additionally,
a comprehensive assessment of the cytotoxicity of AgNPs indicated low
toxicity levels. This study supports that AgNPs synthesized using plant-based green
technologies hold therapeutic potential for the treatment of T. spiralis infectionThese findings present a promising avenue for the development of novel antiparasitic
drugs that are both effective and safe