ABSTRACT To calculate the complete fusion cross section over all partial waves, as a function of the excitation energy, the maximum values of angular momentum 1max represents the upper limit of that summation . An effective definition for that limit has been checked . Also a comparison with the fusion and critical limits ,1fus and 1cr respectively, has been displayed . The effect of the nuclear part of the barrier height and the approximation technique have been checked to approach the best fit of the measured fusion excitation functions .

Abstract: In order to improve the sensitivity and to reduce the working temperature of the CH4 gas sensor, a novel 1D nanostructure of CuO-doped In2O3 was synthesized by the co-evaporation of Cu and In granules. The samples were prepared with changing the weight ratio between Cu and In. Morphology, structure, and gas sensing properties of the prepared films were characterized. The planned operating temperatures for the fabricated sensors are 50–200 ◦C, where the ability to detect CH4 at low temperatures is rarely reported. For low Cu content, the fabricated sensors based on CuO-doped In2O3 showed very good sensing performance at low operating temperatures. The detection of CH4 at these low temperatures exhibits the potential of the present sensors compared to the reported in the literature. The fabricated sensors showed also good reversibility toward the CH4 gas. However, the sensor fabricated of CuO-mixed In2O3 with a ratio of 1:1 did not show any response toward CH4. In other words, the mixed-phase of p- and n-type of CuO and In2O3 materials with a ratio of 1:1 is not recommended for fabricating sensors for reducing gas, such as CH4. The gas sensing mechanism was described in terms of the incorporation of Cu in the In2O3 matrix and the formation of CuO and In2O3 phases.

Biological green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from silver salts is a growing advanced approach to avoid the requirement of costly instruments and involvement of hazardous chemicals as well. However, increasing use of AgNPs raises potential toxicity level in the environment. In this investigation, leaf extract of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) used as a reducing and stabilizing agent for biosynthesis of AgNPs. The biosynthesized AgNPs were authorized by UV-vis spectrophotometer and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The shape and size of the biosynthesized AgNPs were studied using high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM). The toxicity of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on wheat and tomato plants was studied by soaking wheat grains and tomato seeds in 100 mg/L AgNPs and follow its effect on seedling growth of wheat (at 10 days) and on vegetative growth of tomato and wheat plants (at 35 days). Some physiological parameters as germination percentage of wheat seedling, length of seedling, dry weight, pigment fractions (chl.a, chl.b and caroteinoids), soluble proteins, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase) of two plants were measured. AgNPs has a non-significant inhibitory effect on germination percentage of wheat, dry weight and pigment fractions. The biosynthesized AgNPs has a noticeable stress effect on tomato plant as reduced chlorophyll a and dry weight. Generally, AgNPs stimulate MDA accumulation in tomato and wheat plants. There was a noticeable different effect of AgNPs on soluble proteins and antioxidant enzymes as catalase and peroxidase among tomato and wheat plants.

Biological green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from silver salts is a growing advanced approach to avoid the requirement of costly instruments and involvement of hazardous chemicals as well. However, increasing use of AgNPs raises potential toxicity level in the environment. In this investigation, leaf extract of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) used as a reducing and stabilizing agent for biosynthesis of AgNPs. The biosynthesized AgNPs were authorized by UV-vis spectrophotometer and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The shape and size of the biosynthesized AgNPs were studied using high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM). The toxicity of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on wheat and tomato plants was studied by soaking wheat grains and tomato seeds in 100 mg/L AgNPs and follow its effect on seedling growth of wheat (at 10 days) and on vegetative growth of tomato and wheat plants (at 35 days). Some physiological parameters as germination percentage of wheat seedling, length of seedling, dry weight, pigment fractions (chl.a, chl.b and caroteinoids), soluble proteins, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase) of two plants were measured. AgNPs has a non-significant inhibitory effect on germination percentage of wheat, dry weight and pigment fractions. The biosynthesized AgNPs has a noticeable stress effect on tomato plant as reduced chlorophyll a and dry weight. Generally, AgNPs stimulate MDA accumulation in tomato and wheat plants. There was a noticeable different effect of AgNPs on soluble proteins and antioxidant enzymes as catalase and peroxidase among tomato and wheat plants.

The ability of thiamine (vitamin B1) and ascorbic acid to induce resistance against root rot and wilt disease in safflower cultivar Giza1 infected with Fusarium verticillioides was studied under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Infection with F. verticillioides caused clear reduction in growth parameters (fresh and dry weight of plants, total photosynthetic pigments), soluble sugars and free amino acids comparing with healthy plants. In addition, it induced the highest accumulation of proline content. On the other side, soaking with two levels of thiamine and ascorbic acid caused reduction in the infected safflower plants and increased dry and fresh weight contents especially in shoots than roots comparing with the infected plants with F. verticillioides. Thiamine concentrations (1,3mM) induced the highest stimulating effect on total pigments. The induction of resistance by ascorbic acid and thiamine was associated with some biochemical changes in safflower cultivar by reduction of proline content, enhancement of soluble sugars and free amino acids, this may be relate to reduce the disease and increase plant growth.

The ability of thiamine (vitamin B1) and ascorbic acid to induce resistance against root rot and wilt disease in safflower cultivar Giza1 infected with Fusarium verticillioides was studied under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Infection with F. verticillioides caused clear reduction in growth parameters (fresh and dry weight of plants, total photosynthetic pigments), soluble sugars and free amino acids comparing with healthy plants. In addition, it induced the highest accumulation of proline content. On the other side, soaking with two levels of thiamine and ascorbic acid caused reduction in the infected safflower plants and increased dry and fresh weight contents especially in shoots than roots comparing with the infected plants with F. verticillioides. Thiamine concentrations (1,3mM) induced the highest stimulating effect on total pigments. The induction of resistance by ascorbic acid and thiamine was associated with some biochemical changes in safflower cultivar by reduction of proline content, enhancement of soluble sugars and free amino acids, this may be relate to reduce the disease and increase plant growth.

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