The past decade witnessed significant progress in the preparation, characterization, and applications of advanced materials, e.g. nanoparticles. The recent techniques for materials processing could enable new devices. Thus, several innovative processing technologies for the implementation of materials, including nanoparticles, into small devices are now available. The rapid pace of progress in the area of analytical devices improved methods of detection, sensing, and biosensing. Miniaturized and portable devices are required urgently for on-site analytical applications. Several types of miniaturized and wearable devices are being developed for the measurement of key analytes and biomarkers without the need for invasive procedures. There is a need to establish connections between academic laboratories and industrial sectors with required experimental facilities and infrastructures to create commercial products. New miniaturized devices could become useful for several applications including metal detection, sensing and biosensing, biomedical, and diagnostic applications. This chapter provides an in-depth understanding of the implementation of materials for miniaturized analytical devices. It is also noteworthy that using nanoparticles for miniaturized devices will benefit not only the electronics but also the chemical industries, as well as health-care industry. Interaction among scientists and engineers with different backgrounds will undoubtedly create miniaturized analytical devices with unforeseen technological possibilities.

The crystal growth of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) on biopolymers such as cellulose is a promising method for obtaining hybrid materials that combinenatural and synthetic materials. Cellulose derivative viz. 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxylradical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidized nanocellulose (TOCNF) was used to modulate the crystal growth of ZIF-8 (denoted as CelloZIF-8) and ZIF-L (CelloZIF-L). The synthesis procedure occurred in water at room temperature with and without NaOH. The reaction parameters such as the sequence of the chemical's addition and reactant molar ratio were investigated. The phases formed during the crystal growth were monitored. The data analysis ensured the presence of zinc hydroxide nitrate nanosheets modified TOCNF during the crystallization of CelloZIFs. These phases were converted to pure phases ofCelloZIF-8 and CelloZIF-L. The resultant CelloZIFs materials were used for the adsorption of carbon dioxide (CO₂), metal ions, and dyes. The materials exhibited high selectivity with reasonable efficiency (100%) toward the adsorption of anionic dyes such as methyl blue (MeB). They can also be used as a catalyst for dye degradation via hydrogenation with an efficiency of 100%. CelloZIF crystals can be loaded into a filter paper for simple, fast, and selective adsorption of MeB from a dye mixture. The materials are recyclable for five cycles without significant loss of their performance. The mechanisms of adsorption and catalysis were also investigated.

Cellulose-based materials have been advanced technologies that used in water remediation. They exhibit several advantages being the most abundant biopolymer in nature, high biocompatibility, and contain several functional groups. Cellulose can be prepared in several derivatives including nanomaterials such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical)-mediated oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNF). The presence of functional groups such as carboxylic and hydroxyls groups can be modified or grafted with organic moieties offering extra functional groups customizing for specific applications. These functional groups ensure the capability of cellulose biopolymers to be modified with nanoparticles such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), graphene oxide (GO), silver (Ag) nanoparticles, and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. Thus, they can be applied for water remediation via removing water pollutants including heavy metal ions, organic dyes, drugs, and microbial species. Cellulose-based materials can be also used for removing microorganisms being active as membranes or antibacterial agents. They can proceed into various forms such as membranes, sheets, papers, foams, aerogels, and filters. This review summarized the applications of cellulose-based materials for water remediation via methods such as adsorption, catalysis, and antifouling. The high performance of cellulose-based materials as well as their simple processing methods ensure the high potential for water remediation.

Chitosan is a natural biopolymer with a high potential to serve as a carrier for drug and gene delivery. Several types of chitosan with and without modifications were reported for the delivery of gene therapeutic agents. Chitosan-based materials are biocompatible, condense effectively with oligonucleotides, are cheap, and can be transfected in several types of cells. The chemistry of chitosan, such as functional groups, enables structural modification to satisfy the requirements prior to use for the synthesis of an effective delivery system. This chapter introduces the applications of chitosan as a carrier for gene delivery. It covers the basic chemistry of chitosan and their modifications. Applications of chitosan as a carrier for gene delivery and the advantages and disadvantages of the chitosan-based carrier are summarized. This chapter is useful for researchers and scientists interested in the applications of chitosan as a carrier for gene-based therapeutic agents.

Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have considered as organic porous polymers featuring combination of p-conjugated skeletons with permanent micro-porosity. In the present study, we report the synthesis of carbazole-tethered conjugated microporous polymers, BC-Py-CMP and BC-BF-CMP, respectively, through the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling polymerization of the novel 3,3′,6,6′-tetraboronic-pinacolate-9,9′-bicarbazole (BC-4Bpin) with 1,3,6,8-tetrabromopyrene (Py-4Br) and 3,3′,6,6′-tetrabromo-9,9′-bifluorenylidene (BF-4Br). These CMPs exhibited extraordinary thermal stabilities (up to ca. 694 and 569 °C) and high surface areas (up to ca. 1030 m² g⁻¹). Moreover, the as-prepared BC-BF-CMP exhibited a high specific capacitance of 260 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹ and showed outstanding cycling stability, having 89.60% capacitance retention of its authentic capacitance over 6000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical capacitances of the BC-BF-CMP were presumably due to the 9,9′-BF could easily accept one electron, causing the reduced form acquiring greater aromaticity by meeting Huckel's requirements, as a result improving the electron transporting properties. Such CMPs tend to have tremendous potential to be used as a high-performance supercapacitors in energy storage systems.

There is currently a pursuit of synthetic approaches for designing porous carbon materials with selective CO₂ capture and/or excellent energy storage performance that significantly impacts the environment and the sustainable development of circular economy. In this study we prepared a new bio-based benzoxazine (AP-BZ) in high yield through Mannich condensation of apigenin, a naturally occurring phenol, with 4-bromoaniline and paraformaldehyde. We then prepared a PA-BZ porous organic polymer (POP) through Sonogashira coupling of AP-BZ with 1,3,6,8-tetraethynylpyrene (P-T) in the presence of Pd(PPh₃)₄. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry revealed details of the thermal polymerization of the oxazine rings in the AP-BZ monomer and in the PA-BZ POP. Next, we prepared a microporous carbon/metal composite (PCMC) in three steps: Sonogashira coupling of AP-BZ with P-T in the presence of a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) as a directing hard template, affording a PA-BZ POP/ZIF-67 composite; etching in acetic acid; and pyrolysis of the resulting PA-BZ POP/metal composite at 500 ^◦C. Powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer Emmett–Teller (BET) measurements revealed the properties of the as-prepared PCMC. The PCMC material exhibited outstanding thermal stability (T_d10 = 660 ^◦C and char yield = 75 wt%), a high BET surface area (1110 m² g^–1), high CO₂ adsorption (5.40 mmol g^–1 at 273 K), excellent capacitance (735 F g^–1), and a capacitance retention of up to 95% after 2000 galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) cycles; these characteristics were excellent when compared with those of the corresponding microporous carbon (MPC) prepared through pyrolysis of the PA-BZ POP precursors with a ZIF-67 template at 500 ^◦C.