Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) techniques have been progressively developed to investigate several types of subsurface
sedimentary features particularly in the upper zone of carbonate rocks. Most of common subsurface sedimentary heterogeneities
such as karst in the western carbonate plateau of Assiut were formed by natural processes. Detection of the karst
is very important to face up the expected socio-economical pressure, resulting from the dense population around the Nile
Valley and important for the cement industry. These heterogeneities represent anomalies or departures from the surrounding
or “background” geologic conditions which make them easier to detect by GPR. All the GPR profiles are made using an
antenna 200 MHz. The 400 MHz antenna is used only to get more details on one of the detected abnormal zones. A series of
the 3D model cross-section with variable depths in addition to 3D modules for the karst is constructed to ascertain the existence
and the characteristics of these features. The careful analysis of the upper part of constructed GPR cross-section in the
area is implemented by a digital three-dimensional model. It is believed that the examined area which having low-contrast
variable-depth heterogeneities (karst features) may give a satisfactory outcome only by 3D simulation. This study indicates
significant potential for the presence of karst in different locations and depths.

This study presents results of ground-penetrating radar surveys conducted for the exploration
of unexcavated tombs at the Kharga Oasis. Ground-penetrating radar surveys
were carried out on two ancient tombs. The first site was excavated in Labakha
and the second one is still being unexcavated in Gebel El-Siwa. The goal of this study
was to investigate the possibility of existence of unexcavated tombs in Labakha,
as well as the depth, extension and constituents of the unexcavated tomb in Gebel
El-Siwa. Ground-penetrating radar measurements were carried out using a singlechannel
system and the common offset approach. Based on the results obtained from
the ground-penetrating radar measurements with 200- and 400-MHz antennae in
Labakha, a detailed survey was carried out on the unexcavated tomb in Gebel El-
Siwa using a cart-mounted 400-MHz antenna system. 2D ground-penetrating radar
profiles were acquired and subsequently processed and interpreted. Isolated reflections
could be identified. Lateral continuity of the reflections could be observed only
through comparative analyses of the adjacent scans. By doing so, the remnants of the
two tombs became easier to correlate. Two ground-penetrating radar anomalies could
be detected in the archaeological site of Gebel El-Siwa; these anomalies are probably
caused by a nearby tomb. By correlating the obtained data with the archaeological
knowledge of the discoveries made in the surrounding areas, it was possible to interpret
the linear reflectors as to be caused by the tomb. This study has been useful in
providing archaeologists with information on the expression of this type of ancient
Egyptian necropolis tombs at Kharga.

The ground-penetrating radar (GPR) prospection method has rarely been used previously
in Egyptian archaeology and never for a necropolis. Archaeologists have looked
at GPR as a powerful method for exploring subsurface spatial patterns in the archaeological
record without excavation. The results of the GPR survey were compared
with the archaeological excavation outcomes on two archeological sites in Assiut.
The first site is the temple located on a rocky bench on the northern slopes of El-
Hamamia, the Eastern bank of the Nile (a part of El Badari civilization period, belongs
to Predynastic cemeteries). The second is the rocky tomb at the Western bank of the
Nile at Gahdem (belongs to the period from the IXth to the XXXth dynasty). The main
purpose of this study is to correlate the types of reflections recorded from GPR profiles
and high-amplitude features visible in amplitude maps with unearthed archaeological
features. The applied software was able to process and analyse different
digital data set with the given parameters. In each investigated archaeological area,
the details of the GPR model are correlated level-by-level to the data of archeological
excavations of ancient ages and data of the historical documents. Three-dimensional
time-slices of the GPR data allow the identification of the enhanced targets of potential
archaeological interest before planning excavation. Therefore, this research paper
can be used as a benchmark to evaluate the efficiency of GPR method for identifying
buried archaeological artifacts/vestiges for future archaeological prospection in
Egypt.