The definitions of the complete modulus–modulus synchronization (CMMS), modulus–modulus combination synchronization (MMCS), and modulus–modulus combination–combination synchronization (MMCCS) for chaotic complex systems are introduced. These types of synchronization may be considered as a generalization of many other types of synchronization in the literature. Based on the active control method, three schemes are stated to achieve: CMMS, MMCS, and MMCCS. Three theorems are presented and proved to provide us with analytical formulas for the control functions. We present examples to test the validity of the control functions to achieve CMMS, MMCS, and MMCCS. Using the Runge–Kutta of the order of 4 method, we got the numerical solutions of our systems which agree well with the analytical results. Based on the CMMS of two chaotic complex systems, the processes of encryption and decryption of images are introduced. The experimental results of image encryption and decryption as well as the information entropy and histograms are calculated. Similar studies using MMCS and MMCCS are also investigated.

We report here the structural, FTIR, optical and dielectric properties of Zn1-xAlxO with x =
00.00 < x < 0.20)). The wurtzite structure is conformed to all samples and the lattice constants,crystallite diameter, porosity and average crystalline size are generally decreased. The residual stress is compressive for pure samples, but it is changed to tensile for the doped samples. Interestingly, Debye temperature and elastic modulus are increased as x increases to 0.10, followed by a decrease at x = 0.20. Two different energy gaps Egh and Egl are apparent for each sample, corresponding of two transition absorption peaks. Interestingly, the ΔE = (Egh – Egl) ~0.60 for all samples. Further, the residual dielectric constant is decreased by increasing x to 0.10,followed by a sharp increase at x = 0.20 while the opposite behavior for (N/m*). The dielectric constant ε′ is slightly increased as x increases to 0.025, followed by a sharp increase as x increases to 0.20, as well as the ac conductivity σ/. The conduction is electronic for x < 0.025 samples, but it is changed to hole with an increase of x to 0.20. The binding energy Wm was decreased as x increases to 0.20, but there is no exact trend against x for the behaviors of minimum hopping distance Rmin and density of localized states N. In addition, the density of states at Fermi level N (EF) has an optimum value at 195 KHz for all samples. The F-factor for solar cell design is increased as x increases to 0.10, but it is almost constant at x = 0.20. The Cole-Cole plot is a straight line for x = 0.00, a semicircle arc for x = 0.025 and a complete semicircle for x > 0.05. The impedance resistance of grain Z\(g) and grain boundaries Z\(gb) are gradually decreased by increasing x to 0.20. These outcomes indicate that the addition of Al to ZnO shifts the mechanical, optical, and dielectric medium to higher values, which is strongly recommended for the design of optoelectronic and solar cell instruments.

This study aimed to produce an economic and stable biofungicide based on a new effective
antagonistic strain (Trichoderma harzianum JF419706) via the exploitation of agro-industrial lignocellulosic
residues as carriers for fungal growth to control the root rot diseases of vegetable crops.
Trichoderma harzianum JF419706 showed a good resistance to a chemical fungicide with two-fold of
the recommended dose. It was able to propagate on corn stovers amended with 20% of date molasses,
as a very cheap substrate, up to 2.90  1016 CFU/g after 30 days. Formulation of the bioagent on
the substrate as a fine powder (FTB) increased the shelf-life up to 8 months with good viability
(9.37  1011 CFU/g). The bioagent propagated itself in the rhizospheric soil about two-fold of the
initial inoculum. Application of the FTB, as a seed treatment, suppressed the root rot disease severity
percentage of cucumber, lettuce, and tomato plants to 70.0%, 61.5%, and 53.8%, respectively, from
the control. The crop yield increased by 50%, 35%, and 30% in the same order of the three crops.
FTB promoted the growth and physiological processes of the plants significantly compared with
the control. Our study recommends the application of the FTB as a cost-effective biofungicide and
biofertilizer in crop management, singly or as a part of integrated pest management, to ensure the
sustainability of green farming and reduce the chemical input in cultural practices

The present study involved the bio-fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using the
Euphorbia helioscopia L. leaves aqueous extract to improve the production of secondary metabolites
in industrially important sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants. Phyto-fabrication of AgNPs
was confirmed by using spectrophotometry, SEM imaging and X-ray diffraction analysis. The
morphological and optical characterization manifested that the AgNPs are crystalline and exist in
the size range of 30–100 nm. Various concentrations (10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L) of AgNPs
were applied in combinations on sunflower seeds and crop plants. The effects of biosynthesized
AgNPs were evaluated for agro-morphological parameters (plant height, flowering initiation and
seed weight), biochemical metabolites (chlorophyll, proline, soluble sugar, amino acid and protein
contents) and enzymatic activities (superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase) in sunflower and
60 mg/L concentration of AgNPs on sunflower seeds and foliar sprays on plants in combination were
found to be effective to elicit biochemical modifications to improve secondary metabolites. It was also
observed experimentally that 60 mg/L concentration of AgNPs improved the biochemical, fatty acid
and enzymatic attributes of sunflower plants, which in turn improved the plant agro-morphological
parameters. Near-infrared spectroscopic analysis results confirmed the improvement in the seed
quality, oil contents and fatty acid composition (palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid) after the
applications of AgNPs. The findings of the present investigation confirm the exogenous applications
of bio-fabricated AgNPs in combinations on seeds and plants to improve the plant yield, seed quality
and secondary metabolite contents of the sunflower plants.

Eggshells are the hard, outer covering of eggs. It is known that eggshells are discarded as waste
materials, although they contain a significant amount of calcium. The study was aimed to extract and
quantify calcium from the eggshells and fortification on the biscuit and yogurt products. The extraction
of calcium was done using calcium chloride with HCL solution at different propositions (1:1,
1:5, 1:10, 1:15, and 1:20). After extraction, the sample was dried at 50 C temperature for 3 hours
to obtain dry calcium chloride. Calcium was fortified at a concentration of 100 ppm, 1000 ppm, and
2000 ppm in both the biscuits and yogurt, respectively. The calcium-fortified samples were analyzed
for sensory properties and chemical composition. The ash content of calcium-fortified yogurt
(0.47) was slightly higher than normal yogurt (0.44), while the other chemical components remains
similar to the control. For the sensory evaluation result, the biscuit with 2000 ppm calcium-fortified
biscuit and 1000 ppm calcium-fortified yogurt was found to be highly acceptable among the calciumfortified
samples. The extraction of calcium chloride from eggshells was obtained the highest for
eggshells on HCl ratio 1:20 (w/v) where calcium chloride was found 32.92%, 26.95%, and 23.63%
for duck, layer chicken, and local chicken eggshells, respectively. The extraction rate of calcium
chloride of duck eggshells was higher than the local and layer chicken’s eggshells. Therefore, it
may be opined that the fortified products (2000 ppm Ca) contained a considerably higher amount
of calcium content than the control sample.

This research evaluated the efficacy of essential oils in the management of cucumber
powdery mildew. Essential oils of lemongrass, lemon, thyme, peppermint, abundance blend, purification
blend, and thieves blend were tested in vitro and under greenhouse conditions in two
separate experiments. The effects of essential oils were tested against powdery mildew disease at
concentrations of 1.0–2.5 mL/L, and the consequent impact of the oils on plant growth was evaluated.
Powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera xanthii, was identified using sequencing of the ITS region.
The essential oils significantly reduced disease incidence up to 77.3% compared with the positive
control (p < 0.5). Moreover, the essential oils increased the plant length (up to 187 cm), leaf area (up
to 27.5 cm2), fresh weight (up to 123 g), dry weight (up to 22.5 g), number of flowers (16.3), and
metabolite content compared with the positive control (p < 0.5). Cell membrane injury decreased
significantly in the oil-treated pants (p < 0.5), indicating the protective effect of essential oils. This
study recommends the application of essential oils in an appropriate dose (2.5 mL/L) to protect
cucumber plants against powdery mildew. Overdose of the oils (more than 2.5 mL/L) should be
avoided due to adverse effects.

insect pests. The probability of finding entomopathogenic fungi is increased by knowing the soil characteristics
supporting fungal survival and diversity. Many opportunistic fungi are closely associated with
EPF in soil. Diversity and occurrence of fungi were carried out from soil samples (145) and dead insects
(225) collected from natural and cultivated areas of south Punjab. The relative research for the presence
and abundance of EPF in samples of soils collected from cultivated to non-cultivated hilly lands show that
fruit orchid can be considered as a richer in these fungal species. The EPF was mainly isolated from the
collected (225) insect cadavers belonging to six insect orders out of which only 94 were positive for any
category of fungus isolated. Insects from Coleoptera were reported with maximum occurrence (44.68%)
for harboring any kind of the fungus followed by Lepidoptera (36.17%). Aspergillus niger (27.50%) was the
most occurring taxa among all isolates, while Fusarium oxysporium was dominantly occurring specie
(17.02%). It can be concluded that orchard soils that are least disturbed (tillage, weeding, etc) and supplied
with ample moisture should be preferred for sampling in order to isolate the entomopathogens.
Furthermore, insect cadavers from coleoptera and lepidoptera should be preferred for collection for
the sake of entomopathogenic fungi.

Environmental contamination caused by various pollutants due to automobile emissions is an alarming
issue. One important type of the pollutants are heavy metals, including chromium (Cr) added by the
exhaust of toxic smoke of vehicles. These pollutants are added to forage crops cultivated near roadsides,
soil and irrigation water. However, rare studies have been conducted to infer Cr accumulation near heavy
automobile emission areas. This study was conducted to determine Cr concentration in irrigation water,
soil and forage. Water, forage and soil samples were collected from area impacted by heavy traffic.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to appraise Cr values in the collected samples.
Chromium values ranged from 0.50 to 1.14 mg/kg in water samples and from 0.04 to 2.23 mg/kg in soil
samples. It was highest in Zea mays grown soil, whereas minimum in Brassica campestris soil. The Cr values
in forages ranged from 0.09 to 1.06 mg/kg. Z. mays observed the highest Cr accumulation, whereas the
lowest Cr accrual was noted for B. campestris. The pollution load index (PLI) was the highest for Trifolium
alexandrinum, while the lowest for Z. mays. Bio-concentration factor (BCF) ranged from 0.14 to 8.63. The
highest BCF was noted for T. alexandrinum, while the lowest for Z. mays. The highest and the lowest daily
intake of metal (DIM) was noted for Z. mays at different sites. Health risk index (HRI) was highest for Z.
mays and lowest for B. campestris. The results add valuable information on heavy metal accumulation in
water, soil and forage samples near to automobile emission area.