Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by an imbalanced redox state and increased apoptosis. Tropical infections, particularly malaria, may confer protection against SLE. Oxidative stress is a hallmark of SLE. We have measured changes in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) in both kidney and liver tissues of female BWF1 lupus mice, an experimental model of SLE, after infection with either live or gamma-irradiated malaria. We observed a decrease in NO, H2O2, and MDA levels in kidney tissues after infection of lupus mice with live malaria. Similarly, the levels of NO and H2O2 were significantly decreased in the liver tissues of lupus mice after infection with live malaria. Conversely, GSH levels were obviously increased in both kidney and liver tissues after infection of lupus mice with either live or gamma-irradiated malaria. Liver and kidney functions were significantly altered after infection of lupus mice with live malaria. We further investigated the ultrastructural changes and detected the number of apoptotic cells in kidney and liver tissues in situ by electron microscopy and TUNEL assays. Our data reveal that infection of lupus mice with malaria confers protection against lupus nephritis.

the forced convenection heat transfer to the power law non-Neetonian nanofluid from the stretching surface has been investigated numerically. this is the first paper on non-Newtonian with stratching sheet in nanofluids .the stretching of the surface velocity and the prescribed surface tempertaure is assumed to vary as alinear function of the distance of the distance from the origin .A similarity solution is presented which depends on nanoparticle volume fraction φ power law index n; buoyancy convenction parameter λ and the modified prandtl number NPr. velocity and temperature variations as well as the variation of skin friction and nusselt number with the parameters govern the problem is presented and discussed . different types of nanoparticles are tested.

The current paper outlines a new algorithm, which is used to determine the exact solutions of ODEs and the similarity transformations of PDEs whose the invariant groups are known. Three groups of formulations (named by HAMAD Formulations) are presented: (I) Formulations for the exact solutions of ODE. (II) Formulations for similarity transformations of PDEs contains two independent variables. (III) Formulations for similarity transformations of PDEs contains three independent variables. By using these formulations enable readers can calculate the similarity transformations which transform PDEs to ODEs and also can calculate exact solutions of ODEs . Some examples are presented.

The current paper outlines a new algorithm, which is used to determine the exact solutions of ODEs and the similarity transformations of PDEs whose the invariant groups are known. Three groups of formulations (named by HAMAD Formulations) are presented: (I) Formulations for the exact solutions of ODE. (II) Formulations for similarity transformations of PDEs contains two independent variables. (III) Formulations for similarity transformations of PDEs contains three independent variables. By using these formulations enable readers can calculate the similarity transformations which transform PDEs to ODEs and also can calculate exact solutions of ODEs . Some examples are presented.

The current paper outlines a new algorithm, which is used to determine the exact solutions of ODEs and the similarity transformations of PDEs whose the invariant groups are known. Three groups of formulations (named by HAMAD Formulations) are presented: (I) Formulations for the exact solutions of ODE. (II) Formulations for similarity transformations of PDEs contains two independent variables. (III) Formulations for similarity transformations of PDEs contains three independent variables. By using these formulations enable readers can calculate the similarity transformations which transform PDEs to ODEs and also can calculate exact solutions of ODEs . Some examples are presented.

A theoretical study is carried out to investigate the steady laminar boundary layer ow due to a rotating frustum of a cone. The symmetry group and similarity solutions are obtained by employing Lie group the- ory. The eects of the streamwise coordinate and half cone angle on the velocity eld are presented. Keywords: Lie group analysis; Group classication; laminar ow; boundary layer; frustum of a cone

A theoretical study is carried out to investigate the steady laminar boundary layer ow due to a rotating frustum of a cone. The symmetry group and similarity solutions are obtained by employing Lie group the- ory. The eects of the streamwise coordinate and half cone angle on the velocity eld are presented. Keywords: Lie group analysis; Group classication; laminar ow; boundary layer; frustum of a cone

In this paper, we discuss similarity reductions for problems of magnetic field effects on free convection flow of a nanofluid past a semi-infinite vertical flat plate. The application of a one-parameter group reduces the number of independent variables by 1, and consequently the governing partial differential equation with the auxiliary conditions to an ordinary differential equation with the appropriate corresponding conditions. The differential equations obtained are solved numerically and the effects of the parameters governing the problem are discussed. Different kinds of nanoparticles were tested.

In this article, a similarity solution of the steady boundary layer flow near the stagnation-point flow on a permeable stretching sheet in a porous medium saturated with a nanofluid and in the presence of internal heat generation/absorption is theoretically studied. The governing partial differential equations with the corresponding boundary conditions are reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations with the appropriate boundary conditions via Lie-group analysis. Copper (Cu) with water as its base fluid has been considered and representative results have been obtained for the nanoparticle volume fraction parameter φ in the range 0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.2 with the Prandtl number of Pr = 6.8 for the water working fluid. Velocity and temperature profiles as well as the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are determined numerically. The influence of pertinent parameters such as nanofluid volume fraction parameter, the ratio of free stream velocity and stretching velocity parameter, the permeability parameter, suction/blowing parameter, and heat source/sink parameter on the flow and heat transfer characteristics is discussed. Comparisons with published results are also presented. It is shown that the inclusion of a nanoparticle into the base fluid of this problem is capable to change the flow pattern.