Abstract RAPD-PCR was performed using six random primers to identify the genetic diversity among six plant samples belong to two genera (Euphorbia and Ricinus). The dendrogram, based on genetic distance, depict the relationship among the investigated plant samples, separate clearly the six samples. The closest relationship was observed between E. geniculata and E. aphylla; and E. pulcherrima and E. peplus, while this relationship was quite separated between these four samples and the other two samples E. cactus and R. communis. Fragments generated by the six primers show a polymorphism ratio of 88.9%. Bands 3500 and 750 bp generated by primer OP-Z13, and also bands 2000, 1500, 1400, 1200, 1000, 720 and 550 bp generated by primer OP-A09 existing only in the plant samples of E. geniculata and E. aphylla, which suggest that these bands can be used as a positive molecular marker to identify these plant samples. Bands 2500, 1720, 1650, 1300, 950 and 250 bp generated by primer OP-A09, and band 1200 bp generated by primer OP-A20 and band 350 bp generated by primer OP-Z19 and band 250 bp generated by primer OP-Z17 were common in all plant samples of family Euphorbiaceae. Moreover, band 430 bp generated by primer OP-Z17 was characterized for Ricinus communis and absent in other plants of genus Euphorbia. Also, band 2700 bp generated by primer OP-A20 and band 210 bp generated by primer OP-Z19 existing only in Euphorbia peplus. This study highlights the usefulness of RAPD assay for determining genetic variation in different plant genera and for estimating genetic distances between different plant samples. Moreover, knowledge of genetic distance among genera and species, and genetic diversity/structure within genera could be useful for conservation of genetic resources. Data presented here are the first report in Egypt of genetic variation inside genera Euphorbia and Ricinus described at the molecular level. We consider this work as a first step in molecular characterization of genera Euphorbia and Ricinus, thus, it is recommended to extend the panel of samples and primers in the future.

Abstract RAPD-PCR was performed using six random primers to identify the genetic diversity among six plant samples belong to two genera (Euphorbia and Ricinus). The dendrogram, based on genetic distance, depict the relationship among the investigated plant samples, separate clearly the six samples. The closest relationship was observed between E. geniculata and E. aphylla; and E. pulcherrima and E. peplus, while this relationship was quite separated between these four samples and the other two samples E. cactus and R. communis. Fragments generated by the six primers show a polymorphism ratio of 88.9%. Bands 3500 and 750 bp generated by primer OP-Z13, and also bands 2000, 1500, 1400, 1200, 1000, 720 and 550 bp generated by primer OP-A09 existing only in the plant samples of E. geniculata and E. aphylla, which suggest that these bands can be used as a positive molecular marker to identify these plant samples. Bands 2500, 1720, 1650, 1300, 950 and 250 bp generated by primer OP-A09, and band 1200 bp generated by primer OP-A20 and band 350 bp generated by primer OP-Z19 and band 250 bp generated by primer OP-Z17 were common in all plant samples of family Euphorbiaceae. Moreover, band 430 bp generated by primer OP-Z17 was characterized for Ricinus communis and absent in other plants of genus Euphorbia. Also, band 2700 bp generated by primer OP-A20 and band 210 bp generated by primer OP-Z19 existing only in Euphorbia peplus. This study highlights the usefulness of RAPD assay for determining genetic variation in different plant genera and for estimating genetic distances between different plant samples. Moreover, knowledge of genetic distance among genera and species, and genetic diversity/structure within genera could be useful for conservation of genetic resources. Data presented here are the first report in Egypt of genetic variation inside genera Euphorbia and Ricinus described at the molecular level. We consider this work as a first step in molecular characterization of genera Euphorbia and Ricinus, thus, it is recommended to extend the panel of samples and primers in the future.

Abstract: The genetic diversity of Actinin-3 gene (responsible for the formation of proteins association muscle fibers) of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting was identified as a function of selection, and to study the relationship between the alternative allele of Actinin-3 gene (R577R) and the level of achievement of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting. DNA was analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to make amplification of Exon-16 in Actinin-3 gene using two specific DNA primers followed by partial digestion using restriction enzyme (Dde1) specialized to detect alleles of Actinin-3 gene (R577R and R577X). The results of PCR amplification for the target part of Actinin-3 gene were similar in size of amplified fragments which means that, whatever the genotype of this region of the gene, nucleotide changes were not due to loss or gain genetic material in the gene but they were due to the changing nature of the linear sequence (nucleotide substitution) of nucleotides in this region. The partial digestion of the amplified fragments of exon-16 (290 bp) of the homozygous genetic pattern (RR) resulted in two fragments (85 and 205 nucleotides) due to the presence of one cut position. Meanwhile, three fragments were resulted from the homozygous genetic pattern (XX) with size of 86, 97 and 108 nucleotides due to presence of two cut positions. While, the digestion analysis of the heterozygous genetic pattern (RX) resulted in five fragments, three of them were 86, 97 and 108 nucleotides, specialized to style (X), in addition to two fragments (85 and 205 nucleotides) specialized to style (R). The results show that the heterozygous genotype (RX) has the largest percentage rate (50%) in the players sample and the homozygous genotype (RR) ratio reached its presence in the sample (30%), while the genotype (XX) ratio reached its presence in the sample (20%). The distribution of the genotypes (RR-RX-XX) of Actinin-3 gene in the sample was in ratio (1:2:1) which means the heritability of Actinin- 3 gene follows the simple mendilian's traits inheritance, which inherited between individuals without abnormalities. The results of statistical analysis show presence of significance moderate forward correlation between the genotypes of Actinin-3 gene (RR-RX-XX) and the achievement level of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting. Also, presence of significance moderate forward correlation between the two genotypes of allele-R (RR and RX) and the level of weightlifting, with no significance differences between homozygous genotype (RR) and heterozygous genotype (RX). Moreover, the results show the presence of differences between genotypes (RR) and (XX) which reflect the dominance of allele (R) on allele (X), where the owners of these two genotypes have muscles stronger and faster than the owners of genotype (XX), which reflect the correlation between (R577R) allele and the higher levels of achievements of the players. So, it can rely on the genotypes (RR) and (RX) in the selection of members of sports depends on the strength and speed significantly.

Abstract: The genetic diversity of Actinin-3 gene (responsible for the formation of proteins association muscle fibers) of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting was identified as a function of selection, and to study the relationship between the alternative allele of Actinin-3 gene (R577R) and the level of achievement of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting. DNA was analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to make amplification of Exon-16 in Actinin-3 gene using two specific DNA primers followed by partial digestion using restriction enzyme (Dde1) specialized to detect alleles of Actinin-3 gene (R577R and R577X). The results of PCR amplification for the target part of Actinin-3 gene were similar in size of amplified fragments which means that, whatever the genotype of this region of the gene, nucleotide changes were not due to loss or gain genetic material in the gene but they were due to the changing nature of the linear sequence (nucleotide substitution) of nucleotides in this region. The partial digestion of the amplified fragments of exon-16 (290 bp) of the homozygous genetic pattern (RR) resulted in two fragments (85 and 205 nucleotides) due to the presence of one cut position. Meanwhile, three fragments were resulted from the homozygous genetic pattern (XX) with size of 86, 97 and 108 nucleotides due to presence of two cut positions. While, the digestion analysis of the heterozygous genetic pattern (RX) resulted in five fragments, three of them were 86, 97 and 108 nucleotides, specialized to style (X), in addition to two fragments (85 and 205 nucleotides) specialized to style (R). The results show that the heterozygous genotype (RX) has the largest percentage rate (50%) in the players sample and the homozygous genotype (RR) ratio reached its presence in the sample (30%), while the genotype (XX) ratio reached its presence in the sample (20%). The distribution of the genotypes (RR-RX-XX) of Actinin-3 gene in the sample was in ratio (1:2:1) which means the heritability of Actinin- 3 gene follows the simple mendilian's traits inheritance, which inherited between individuals without abnormalities. The results of statistical analysis show presence of significance moderate forward correlation between the genotypes of Actinin-3 gene (RR-RX-XX) and the achievement level of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting. Also, presence of significance moderate forward correlation between the two genotypes of allele-R (RR and RX) and the level of weightlifting, with no significance differences between homozygous genotype (RR) and heterozygous genotype (RX). Moreover, the results show the presence of differences between genotypes (RR) and (XX) which reflect the dominance of allele (R) on allele (X), where the owners of these two genotypes have muscles stronger and faster than the owners of genotype (XX), which reflect the correlation between (R577R) allele and the higher levels of achievements of the players. So, it can rely on the genotypes (RR) and (RX) in the selection of members of sports depends on the strength and speed significantly.

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With the rising costs and the declining availabilit y of peat, it is necessary to look for alternative materials to be used as growth media. Clay soil and composted rice straw are cheap and readily available candidates once there pH is adjusted. In the current study, growth of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis was compared in different growth substrates (peat moss, clay and composted rice straw) treated with ferrous sulfate (200 ml/pot) at various time intervals (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). Peat moss produced the best vegetative and flowering growth characteristics along with the highest leaf content of chlorophylls a & b, N, K and Mn in both seasons. Rice straw-grown plant s showed moderate growth proving superior to clay-g rown ones in terms of plant height, branch number, internode number and length, shoot fresh and dry weights, flower diameter, leaf content of arotenoids, P and Cu. Using of ferrous sulfate enhanced the performance of both rice straw and clay. This effect was clear as the frequency of the application was increased and the most frequent application (10-day interval) produced generally the best results. Composted rice straw and clay soil treated with ferrous sulphate at 10-day interval were comparable to peat moss regarding their effect on growth and flowering of gardenia plants.

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Abstract Two field experiments were conducted during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons at Agronomy Dept. Farm., Agric. Fac., Assiut Univ., to study the response of lentil to foliar application of mixture phosphorus and potassium under different irrigation treatment. The results showed that: Irrigation treatments had a highly significant influence on the all studied traits except harvest index in both seasons. So, plants which received one irrigation (I1) at pre-flowering (45 days after sowing) produced the highest values of all studied traits. While, plants which received highest values of foliar application of mixture phosphorus and potassium produced the highest mean values of all studied traits except harvest index and protein% in both seasons. The interaction between irrigation management and foliar application of mixture phosphorus and potassium had a significant effect on all studied traits except harvest index and protein% in both seasons. Plants which received the mixture phosphorus and potassium with I1 irrigation produced the highest values of plant height (47.34 and 45.36 cm), number of branches plant-1 (4.52 and 4.25), number of pods plant-1 (46.25 and 44.35), seed yield (1.46 and 1.42 g plant-1), seed yield (1.42 and 1.41 kg plot-1), seed index (26.57 and 27.05), straw yield (6.43 and 6.65 kg plot-1), and seed yield (568.0 and 560.0 kg fed.-1) in the first and second season respectively, comparing with plants control.