A study was carried out on the resistance of four cereal crops (barley, wheat, sorghum and maize) to cereal aphid species at Assiut, Egypt. The results obtained show that there were significant differences among the cultivars tested. Among the five barley cultivars; Giza 132 was highly susceptible while the remaining cultivars were moderately resistant. Among the five wheat varieties; Gemiza 11 and Giza 168 were highly susceptible, followed by cultivars Sids 12 and Shandauel 1. Sids 1 showed moderate resistance. Among the five sorghum cultivars; Dorado was highly susceptible and Sphinx was susceptible. The aphid population declined significantly on Giza 15 and Hourse that were relatively (slightly or low) resistant (RR). The lowest aphid number recorded on the local (Baldi) variety showed moderate resistance. Among the five maize cultivars; the local (Baldi) cultivar was highly susceptible, followed by Unico 6, Triple 310 and Unico 131 that showed relatively resistance. The remaining cultivar, Unico 81, was infested with a low number of aphids and showed moderate resistance. The influence of aphid infestation on grain yield losses of wheat and barley cultivars were also evaluated.

A study was carried out on the resistance of four cereal crops (barley, wheat, sorghum and maize) to cereal aphid species at Assiut, Egypt. The results obtained show that there were significant differences among the cultivars tested. Among the five barley cultivars; Giza 132 was highly susceptible while the remaining cultivars were moderately resistant. Among the five wheat varieties; Gemiza 11 and Giza 168 were highly susceptible, followed by cultivars Sids 12 and Shandauel 1. Sids 1 showed moderate resistance. Among the five sorghum cultivars; Dorado was highly susceptible and Sphinx was susceptible. The aphid population declined significantly on Giza 15 and Hourse that were relatively (slightly or low) resistant (RR). The lowest aphid number recorded on the local (Baldi) variety showed moderate resistance. Among the five maize cultivars; the local (Baldi) cultivar was highly susceptible, followed by Unico 6, Triple 310 and Unico 131 that showed relatively resistance. The remaining cultivar, Unico 81, was infested with a low number of aphids and showed moderate resistance. The influence of aphid infestation on grain yield losses of wheat and barley cultivars were also evaluated.

Climate change is a major threat to most of the agricultural crops grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas globally. Drought stress is one of the consequences of climate change that has a negative impact on crop growth and yield. In the past, many simulation models were proposed to predict climate change and drought occurrences, and it is extremely important to improve essential crops to meet the challenges of drought stress which limits crop productivity and production. Wheat and barley are among the most common and widely used crops due to their economic and social values. Many parts of the world depend on these two crops for food and feed, and both crops are vulnerable to drought stress. Improving drought stress tolerance is a very challenging task for wheat and barley researchers and more research is needed to better understand this stress. The progress made in understanding drought tolerance is due to advances in three main research areas: physiology, breeding, and genetic research. The physiology research focused on the physiological and biochemical metabolic pathways that plants use when exposed to drought stress. New wheat and barley genotypes having a high degree of drought tolerance are produced through breeding by making crosses from promising drought-tolerant genotypes and selecting among their progeny. Also, identifying genes contributing to drought tolerance is very important. Previous studies showed that drought tolerance is a polygenic trait and genetic constitution will help to dissect the gene network (s) controlling drought tolerance. This review explores the recent advances in these three research …

A lot of insecticides are found nowadays, but neonicotinoids are considered the most famous. So, a series of pyridine derivatives neonicotinoids analogues, namely, 3-cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridine-2(1H)-one (1), 2-chloro-3-cyano-4,6- dimethylpyridine (2), 3-cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridine-2(1H)-thione (3), 3-cyano-4,6- distyrylpyridine-2(1H)-thione (4), 2-((3-cyano-4,6-distyrylpyridin-2-yl)thio)-N-phenylacetamide (5), 3-amino-N-phenyl-4,6-distyrylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (6), 2-((3-cyano-4,6-distyrylpyridin-2-yl)thio)-N-(p-tolyl)acetamide (7), 3-amino-4,6-distyryl- N-(p-tolyl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (8), 2-((3-cyano-4,6-distyrylpyridin- 2-yl)thio)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetamide (9), and 3-amino-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6- distyrylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (10), have been designed and synthesized in pure state, and their agricultural bioefficacy as insecticides against cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch was screened. The structures of the synthesized compounds were verified by means of spectroscopic and elemental analyses. Insecticidal bioefficacy data illustrated that some compounds are excellent against cowpea aphid, and the bioefficacy of the rest of the tested compounds ranged from good to moderate against the same insects.

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The present research was concerned with studying the physiological response of two sorghum cultivars to different rates and splitting of NPK. This study was carried out in the Experimental Agricultural Farm of Agriculture faculty in Assiut Univ, Assuit Governorate, Egypt; during the two growing seasons of 2012 and 2013. The field experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using split-split plot arrangement with three replications. The cultivars (Giza 15 and Dorado cultivar) were a signed in the main plot, while the NPK rates (75, 100 and 125% of the recommended NPK fertilizers/fed) were allotted in the sub plot and different Split doses (1, 2, 3 and 4 times) were allotted in the sub-sub plots. The experimental unit area was 12 m2. In general, the maximum meanvalues of grain yield (21.2 and 23.1 ard/fed in 2012 and 2013 seasons, respectively) were obtained from Giza 15 cultivar when received the highest NPK rate (125% of the recommended NPK fertilizers/fed) applied at three equal doses.

Neonicotinoids are the most widely used from all existing pesticides. So, in purpose to discover new pesticides being more effective against the aphid, twelve heterocyclic compounds neonicotinoid analogs have been prepared in a pure state; pyrimidothienotetrahydroisoquinolines 1–12 and their toxicity as potential insecticidal agents against cowpea Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch was screened. Their characterizations by using spectroscopic analyses were performed. The toxicity data exhibited that the 8-chloropyrimidine compound 4 is more toxic about 2-fold than a reference insecticide, acetamiprid. The other screened compounds showed weak to strong toxicological activities against cowpea aphid.

Neonicotinoids are the most widely used from all existing pesticides. So, in purpose to discover new pesticides being more effective against the aphid, twelve heterocyclic compounds neonicotinoid analogs have been prepared in a pure state; pyrimidothienotetrahydroisoquinolines 1–12 and their toxicity as potential insecticidal agents against cowpea Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch was screened. Their characterizations by using spectroscopic analyses were performed. The toxicity data exhibited that the 8-chloropyrimidine compound 4 is more toxic about 2-fold than a reference insecticide, acetamiprid. The other screened compounds showed weak to strong toxicological activities against cowpea aphid.

Background: The object of this work was to evaluate of the hepatic effects of the herbicides glyphosate-Roundup® by different doses in both sexes of albino rats. Methods: Forty animals divided into four groups with ten animals for each (both sexes) were treated orally with vehicle (controls) and 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg bwt of glyphosate-Roundup® (treated groups) for 15 days daily. Results: The most conspicuous changes occurred on the liver treated groups due to glyphosate toxicity were the increase of enzymes activities of ALT and AST, cellular infiltration, many signs of nucleus degeneration, focal necrosis, rarified cytoplasm, disorganization of cellular organelles, and deposition of lipid droplets. The increase in the amount of collagenous fibers and the number of the mast cell were also observed. Conclusion: Our results indicated that the administration of glyphosate-Roundup® in different doses may cause adverse effects on the histopathological, ultrastructure, and biochemical alternations on the liver of the albino rats.

Abstract Botrytis umbel blight caused by Botrytis allii is a major disease that attacks onion crop. In vitro, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and extract of bitter apple fruits (Citrullus colocynthis) showed antagonistic effect and inhibited the mycelial growth of B. allii. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of bitter apple fruits showed the existence of 37 compounds and their derivatives. Among them, 10 compounds constituted 58.66% of the total analyses. Greenhouse experiment approved that the extract of bitter apple fruits was the most effective in reducing disease incidence and severity, followed by P. chrysogenum, when they were applied 2 days pre-inoculation with the pathogen. All treatments significantly increased the total phenolic contents than the untreated control, but the highest increase was obtained when S. cerevisiae and P. chrysogenum were applied. A positive correlation was found between the activity of bioagents and improvement of peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymes in onion plants to resist infection with the pathogen. P. chrysogenum caused the highest increase in polyphenoloxidase activity in infected onion plants, while S. cerevisiae showed the lowest level of this enzyme. The study approved that application of the bioagents not only protected the onions against Botrytis disease but also enhanced the content of antioxidant compounds in onions. This encourages the application of such preparations to manage the production of onion crop, especially in the organic farming that bans the application of any chemicals.