Bacterial pathogens residing in host macrophages in intracellular infections are hard to eradicate because traditional antibiotics do not readily enter the cells or get eliminated via efflux pumps. To overcome this challenge, we developed a new particle formulation with a size amenable to selective macrophage uptake, loaded with two antibacterial agents - pexiganan and silver (Ag) nanoparticles. Here, pexiganan was loaded in 600 nm poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) particles (NP), and the particle surface was modified with an iron-tannic acid supramolecular complex (pTA) that help attach Ag nanoparticles. PLGA particles coated with Ag (NP-pTA-Ag) were taken up by macrophages, but not by non-phagocytic cells, such as fibroblasts, reducing non-specific toxicity associated with Ag nanoparticles. NP-pTA-Ag loaded with pexiganan (Pex@NP-pTA-Ag) showed more potent antibacterial activity against various intracellular pathogens than NP-pTA-Ag or Pex@NP (pexigananloaded NP with no Ag), suggesting a collaborative function between pexiganan and Ag nanoparticles. Mouse whole-body imaging demonstrated that, upon intravenous injection, NP-pTA-Ag quickly accumulated in the liver and spleen, where intracellular bacteria tend to reside. These results support that Pex@NP-pTA-Ag is a promising strategy for the treatment of intracellular bacterial infection.

Glipizide is an oral blood glucose lowering drug of the sulfonylurea class. It is characterized by its poor aqueous solubility. To overcome this problem in addition to improve the dissolution behaviour of glipizide, different loaded mixtures of glipizide with fenugreek or avicel PH 101 was prepared using different techniques (physical, ground mixtures, adsorbate and co-adsorbate systems). The surface solid dispersions was prepared by solvent evaporation method then formulated into capsules. The interaction between drug and the used excipients was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).In vitro dissolution study was performed for glipizide loaded mixtures and also for the prepared capsules in 0.1N HCl using a standard USP II dissolution apparatus. It was found that the dissolution rate of drug from solid dispersions was higher than the other prepared systems and intact drug, where release rate of glipizide from prepared capsules containing co-adsorbate system of glipizide with fenugreek at the ratio of (1:5:100, drug: tween 80: fenugreek w/w) is significantly higher than that obtained with avicel PH 101. In vivo testing of the selected prepared glipizide capsules containing glipizide solid dispersion with fenugreek was carried out on nine Newzeland rabbits. It was found that prepared glipizide capsules produce significant hypoglycaemic effect comparing with the commercial product Minidiab® Clinical study was performed on fifteen type II diabetic human volunteers. The results showed a significant decrease in PPBGL of patients who receive capsules containing glipizide solid dispersion with fenugreek rather than those receiving glipizide commercial product Minidiab.

Glipizide is an oral blood glucose lowering drug of the sulfonylurea class. It is characterized by its poor aqueous solubility. To overcome this problem in addition to improve the dissolution behaviour of glipizide, different loaded mixtures of glipizide with fenugreek or avicel PH 101 was prepared using different techniques (physical, ground mixtures, adsorbate and co-adsorbate systems). The surface solid dispersions was prepared by solvent evaporation method then formulated into capsules. The interaction between drug and the used excipients was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).In vitro dissolution study was performed for glipizide loaded mixtures and also for the prepared capsules in 0.1N HCl using a standard USP II dissolution apparatus. It was found that the dissolution rate of drug from solid dispersions was higher than the other prepared systems and intact drug, where release rate of glipizide from prepared capsules containing co-adsorbate system of glipizide with fenugreek at the ratio of (1:5:100, drug: tween 80: fenugreek w/w) is significantly higher than that obtained with avicel PH 101. In vivo testing of the selected prepared glipizide capsules containing glipizide solid dispersion with fenugreek was carried out on nine Newzeland rabbits. It was found that prepared glipizide capsules produce significant hypoglycaemic effect comparing with the commercial product Minidiab® Clinical study was performed on fifteen type II diabetic human volunteers. The results showed a significant decrease in PPBGL of patients who receive capsules containing glipizide solid dispersion with fenugreek rather than those receiving glipizide commercial product Minidiab.

Glipizide is an oral blood glucose lowering drug of the sulfonylurea class. It is characterized by its poor aqueous solubility. To overcome this problem in addition to improve the dissolution behaviour of glipizide, different loaded mixtures of glipizide with fenugreek or avicel PH 101 was prepared using different techniques (physical, ground mixtures, adsorbate and co-adsorbate systems). The surface solid dispersions was prepared by solvent evaporation method then formulated into capsules. The interaction between drug and the used excipients was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).In vitro dissolution study was performed for glipizide loaded mixtures and also for the prepared capsules in 0.1N HCl using a standard USP II dissolution apparatus. It was found that the dissolution rate of drug from solid dispersions was higher than the other prepared systems and intact drug, where release rate of glipizide from prepared capsules containing co-adsorbate system of glipizide with fenugreek at the ratio of (1:5:100, drug: tween 80: fenugreek w/w) is significantly higher than that obtained with avicel PH 101. In vivo testing of the selected prepared glipizide capsules containing glipizide solid dispersion with fenugreek was carried out on nine Newzeland rabbits. It was found that prepared glipizide capsules produce significant hypoglycaemic effect comparing with the commercial product Minidiab® Clinical study was performed on fifteen type II diabetic human volunteers. The results showed a significant decrease in PPBGL of patients who receive capsules containing glipizide solid dispersion with fenugreek rather than those receiving glipizide commercial product Minidiab.

Glipizide is an oral blood glucose lowering drug of the sulfonylurea class. It is characterized by its poor aqueous solubility. To overcome this problem in addition to improve the dissolution behaviour of glipizide, different loaded mixtures of glipizide with fenugreek or avicel PH 101 was prepared using different techniques (physical, ground mixtures, adsorbate and co-adsorbate systems). The surface solid dispersions was prepared by solvent evaporation method then formulated into capsules. The interaction between drug and the used excipients was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).In vitro dissolution study was performed for glipizide loaded mixtures and also for the prepared capsules in 0.1N HCl using a standard USP II dissolution apparatus. It was found that the dissolution rate of drug from solid dispersions was higher than the other prepared systems and intact drug, where release rate of glipizide from prepared capsules containing co-adsorbate system of glipizide with fenugreek at the ratio of (1:5:100, drug: tween 80: fenugreek w/w) is significantly higher than that obtained with avicel PH 101. In vivo testing of the selected prepared glipizide capsules containing glipizide solid dispersion with fenugreek was carried out on nine Newzeland rabbits. It was found that prepared glipizide capsules produce significant hypoglycaemic effect comparing with the commercial product Minidiab® Clinical study was performed on fifteen type II diabetic human volunteers. The results showed a significant decrease in PPBGL of patients who receive capsules containing glipizide solid dispersion with fenugreek rather than those receiving glipizide commercial product Minidiab.

Levofloxacin hemihydrate (LVFX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated skin infections. Impetigo is a highly infectious superficial bacterial disease, most common among pre-school children. The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate topical gel containing levofloxacin hemihydrate for treatment of impetigo. The gel was formulated using different types and concentrations of gelling polymers. The used polymers, viz; hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), carbopol 934, sodium alginate (Na-alginate), pluronic ® F-127 and poly vinyl alchohol (PVA 14000). Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out sing DSC and FT-IR techniques, then the prepared formulae were characterized physically in terms of pH,drug content, spread ability and rheological properties. Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out using DSC and FT-IR techniques. In-vitro drug release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and kinetics of the drug release were studied. In vitro microbiological studies of (LVFX) gel were performed using agar cup diffusion method. Patients with clinically diagnosed impetigo were topically treated with the best formula of LVFX gel. Results have revealed that the used polymers are compatible with the drug. The prepared LVFX gels with different gelling agents showed acceptable physical properties and good drug release. Among all the prepared gels, formula (G1) using HPMC as a gelling agent attained superior physical properties, drug release (80.30±0.11%) after 2 hrs. No significant changes in the physical properties and in the percent of drug release were observed for formula (G1) at (5 ±2°C/60 ±5 % RH, 25±2°C / 65 ±5% RH and 40±2°C / 75 ± 5 RH) after 3 months of storage. These results we reconfirmed by thin layer chromatography. Also, formula (G1) was found to have the highest antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiellapneumoniae. LVFX topical gel (G1) was well tolerated with high rates of clinical response (significant reduction in the time of healing after 4 days) for treating impetigo.

Levofloxacin hemihydrate (LVFX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated skin infections. Impetigo is a highly infectious superficial bacterial disease, most common among pre-school children. The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate topical gel containing levofloxacin hemihydrate for treatment of impetigo. The gel was formulated using different types and concentrations of gelling polymers. The used polymers, viz; hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), carbopol 934, sodium alginate (Na-alginate), pluronic ® F-127 and poly vinyl alchohol (PVA 14000). Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out sing DSC and FT-IR techniques, then the prepared formulae were characterized physically in terms of pH,drug content, spread ability and rheological properties. Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out using DSC and FT-IR techniques. In-vitro drug release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and kinetics of the drug release were studied. In vitro microbiological studies of (LVFX) gel were performed using agar cup diffusion method. Patients with clinically diagnosed impetigo were topically treated with the best formula of LVFX gel. Results have revealed that the used polymers are compatible with the drug. The prepared LVFX gels with different gelling agents showed acceptable physical properties and good drug release. Among all the prepared gels, formula (G1) using HPMC as a gelling agent attained superior physical properties, drug release (80.30±0.11%) after 2 hrs. No significant changes in the physical properties and in the percent of drug release were observed for formula (G1) at (5 ±2°C/60 ±5 % RH, 25±2°C / 65 ±5% RH and 40±2°C / 75 ± 5 RH) after 3 months of storage. These results we reconfirmed by thin layer chromatography. Also, formula (G1) was found to have the highest antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiellapneumoniae. LVFX topical gel (G1) was well tolerated with high rates of clinical response (significant reduction in the time of healing after 4 days) for treating impetigo.

Levofloxacin hemihydrate (LVFX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated skin infections. Impetigo is a highly infectious superficial bacterial disease, most common among pre-school children. The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate topical gel containing levofloxacin hemihydrate for treatment of impetigo. The gel was formulated using different types and concentrations of gelling polymers. The used polymers, viz; hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), carbopol 934, sodium alginate (Na-alginate), pluronic ® F-127 and poly vinyl alchohol (PVA 14000). Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out sing DSC and FT-IR techniques, then the prepared formulae were characterized physically in terms of pH,drug content, spread ability and rheological properties. Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out using DSC and FT-IR techniques. In-vitro drug release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and kinetics of the drug release were studied. In vitro microbiological studies of (LVFX) gel were performed using agar cup diffusion method. Patients with clinically diagnosed impetigo were topically treated with the best formula of LVFX gel. Results have revealed that the used polymers are compatible with the drug. The prepared LVFX gels with different gelling agents showed acceptable physical properties and good drug release. Among all the prepared gels, formula (G1) using HPMC as a gelling agent attained superior physical properties, drug release (80.30±0.11%) after 2 hrs. No significant changes in the physical properties and in the percent of drug release were observed for formula (G1) at (5 ±2°C/60 ±5 % RH, 25±2°C / 65 ±5% RH and 40±2°C / 75 ± 5 RH) after 3 months of storage. These results we reconfirmed by thin layer chromatography. Also, formula (G1) was found to have the highest antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiellapneumoniae. LVFX topical gel (G1) was well tolerated with high rates of clinical response (significant reduction in the time of healing after 4 days) for treating impetigo.

Levofloxacin hemihydrate (LVFX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated skin infections. Impetigo is a highly infectious superficial bacterial disease, most common among pre-school children. The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate topical gel containing levofloxacin hemihydrate for treatment of impetigo. The gel was formulated using different types and concentrations of gelling polymers. The used polymers, viz; hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), carbopol 934, sodium alginate (Na-alginate), pluronic ® F-127 and poly vinyl alchohol (PVA 14000). Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out sing DSC and FT-IR techniques, then the prepared formulae were characterized physically in terms of pH,drug content, spread ability and rheological properties. Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out using DSC and FT-IR techniques. In-vitro drug release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and kinetics of the drug release were studied. In vitro microbiological studies of (LVFX) gel were performed using agar cup diffusion method. Patients with clinically diagnosed impetigo were topically treated with the best formula of LVFX gel. Results have revealed that the used polymers are compatible with the drug. The prepared LVFX gels with different gelling agents showed acceptable physical properties and good drug release. Among all the prepared gels, formula (G1) using HPMC as a gelling agent attained superior physical properties, drug release (80.30±0.11%) after 2 hrs. No significant changes in the physical properties and in the percent of drug release were observed for formula (G1) at (5 ±2°C/60 ±5 % RH, 25±2°C / 65 ±5% RH and 40±2°C / 75 ± 5 RH) after 3 months of storage. These results we reconfirmed by thin layer chromatography. Also, formula (G1) was found to have the highest antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiellapneumoniae. LVFX topical gel (G1) was well tolerated with high rates of clinical response (significant reduction in the time of healing after 4 days) for treating impetigo.

A nanohybrid prepared from green source (nanocellulose, NC) and nitrogen, sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dots (N, S@GQDs) was prepared for the electrochemical detection of olanzapine (OLZ), atypical antipsychotic primarily used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Polar groups on the surface of NC and N, S@GQDs provide more anchoring sites for adsorption of OLZ onto the electrode surface. In addition, it provides high conductivity, good mechanical strength, large surface area, and excellent electrical conductivity. The nanocomposite was characterized morphologically and electrochemically by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV). Under the optimized conditions, the modified electrode has a good response in the range of 1.5–90.0 × 10−8 M with LOD of 0.5 × 10−8 M. The proposed electrode offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and reliability towards OLZ detection. The SWAdSV was used to determine OLZ in pharmaceutical tablets, human plasma and urine with good recoveries % and reasonable RSD% values.