The homeless are socially isolated, cut off from the connections with family, friends and community. They frequently report involvement in antisocial and criminal activities such as street prostitution, drug- dealing, theft and assault in order to survive. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of social skills training program on the communication and social skills of homeless children. The subjects included all homeless children at the homeless shelter for children and men at Assiut City. The subjects included 41 children, 17 of them boys and 24 girls. The age of them was ranged from 9-16 years old. Tools of study: Socio-demographic data questionnaire, communication skills assessment scale and social skills assessment scale. Results of the study revealed that communication and social skills improved immediately post program and at follow up. Conclusion: Social training program has positive effect on communication & social skills of homeless children. Recommendations: Special program regarding social skills training could be established for health care providers who provide care for homeless children especially for nurses.

The homeless are socially isolated, cut off from the connections with family, friends and community. They frequently report involvement in antisocial and criminal activities such as street prostitution, drug- dealing, theft and assault in order to survive. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of social skills training program on the communication and social skills of homeless children. The subjects included all homeless children at the homeless shelter for children and men at Assiut City. The subjects included 41 children, 17 of them boys and 24 girls. The age of them was ranged from 9-16 years old. Tools of study: Socio-demographic data questionnaire, communication skills assessment scale and social skills assessment scale. Results of the study revealed that communication and social skills improved immediately post program and at follow up. Conclusion: Social training program has positive effect on communication & social skills of homeless children. Recommendations: Special program regarding social skills training could be established for health care providers who provide care for homeless children especially for nurses.

The homeless are socially isolated, cut off from the connections with family, friends and community. They frequently report involvement in antisocial and criminal activities such as street prostitution, drug- dealing, theft and assault in order to survive. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of social skills training program on the communication and social skills of homeless children. The subjects included all homeless children at the homeless shelter for children and men at Assiut City. The subjects included 41 children, 17 of them boys and 24 girls. The age of them was ranged from 9-16 years old. Tools of study: Socio-demographic data questionnaire, communication skills assessment scale and social skills assessment scale. Results of the study revealed that communication and social skills improved immediately post program and at follow up. Conclusion: Social training program has positive effect on communication & social skills of homeless children. Recommendations: Special program regarding social skills training could be established for health care providers who provide care for homeless children especially for nurses.

The experience of being homeless affects a person physically, psychologically, socially and economically. Homeless children & teenagers have significant psychological disturbances and drug abuse. The aim of this study was to determine the psychological profile of homeless children. A descriptive design was utilized in this study. The subjects included all homeless children at the homeless shelter for children and men at Assiut City. The subjects included 41 children, 17 of them boys and 24 girls. The age of them was ranged from 9-16 years old. Tools of study: Sociodemographic and clinical data questionnaire, child abuse scale, measurement of aggressive behavior for children and the multidimensional child and adolescent depression scale. Results of the study revealed that more than half of homeless children were exposed to average degree of verbal and physical punishment, parental abusive behavior, claimed having average degree of "firm aggressive rules within their families, and having average possibility to be abusers in the future. Verbal aggression was higher than physical aggression among them and more than half of them were have moderate degree of depression. Conclusion, homeless children exposed to verbal and physical punishment, parental abusive behavior, claimed having firm aggressive rules within their families, having average possibility to be abusers in the future and moderate degree of depression. Recommendations: There is a need for broad- based psychosocial intervention programs in dealing with runaway children and adolescents, and active treatment programs along with long- term support and rehabilitation programs.

The experience of being homeless affects a person physically, psychologically, socially and economically. Homeless children & teenagers have significant psychological disturbances and drug abuse. The aim of this study was to determine the psychological profile of homeless children. A descriptive design was utilized in this study. The subjects included all homeless children at the homeless shelter for children and men at Assiut City. The subjects included 41 children, 17 of them boys and 24 girls. The age of them was ranged from 9-16 years old. Tools of study: Sociodemographic and clinical data questionnaire, child abuse scale, measurement of aggressive behavior for children and the multidimensional child and adolescent depression scale. Results of the study revealed that more than half of homeless children were exposed to average degree of verbal and physical punishment, parental abusive behavior, claimed having average degree of "firm aggressive rules within their families, and having average possibility to be abusers in the future. Verbal aggression was higher than physical aggression among them and more than half of them were have moderate degree of depression. Conclusion, homeless children exposed to verbal and physical punishment, parental abusive behavior, claimed having firm aggressive rules within their families, having average possibility to be abusers in the future and moderate degree of depression. Recommendations: There is a need for broad- based psychosocial intervention programs in dealing with runaway children and adolescents, and active treatment programs along with long- term support and rehabilitation programs.

The experience of being homeless affects a person physically, psychologically, socially and economically. Homeless children & teenagers have significant psychological disturbances and drug abuse. The aim of this study was to determine the psychological profile of homeless children. A descriptive design was utilized in this study. The subjects included all homeless children at the homeless shelter for children and men at Assiut City. The subjects included 41 children, 17 of them boys and 24 girls. The age of them was ranged from 9-16 years old. Tools of study: Sociodemographic and clinical data questionnaire, child abuse scale, measurement of aggressive behavior for children and the multidimensional child and adolescent depression scale. Results of the study revealed that more than half of homeless children were exposed to average degree of verbal and physical punishment, parental abusive behavior, claimed having average degree of "firm aggressive rules within their families, and having average possibility to be abusers in the future. Verbal aggression was higher than physical aggression among them and more than half of them were have moderate degree of depression. Conclusion, homeless children exposed to verbal and physical punishment, parental abusive behavior, claimed having firm aggressive rules within their families, having average possibility to be abusers in the future and moderate degree of depression. Recommendations: There is a need for broad- based psychosocial intervention programs in dealing with runaway children and adolescents, and active treatment programs along with long- term support and rehabilitation programs.

Few studies have explored the effect of infertility diagnosis on the emotional responses of women in Egypt. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess psychological distress among infertile women and examine socio-demographic and clinical correlates of psychological distress among those women. A descriptive correlational design was utilized in this study. The subjects included all infertile female patients who attended to Suzan Moubarak University Hospital for Obstetric and Gynecology in Elminia Governorate for six months from the end of February to the end of August 2006. Tools of study: Socio-demographic and clinical data tool as well as Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS) were utilized to measure the study variables. Results qfthe study revealed that 68% of the infertile women were suffering from extreme to severe level of depression and seventythree percent of them were suffering from extreme to severe anxiety level. Furthermore, 48% of them were having extreme to severe stress level. Work status and education were significantly related to depression (p = 0.05 and 0.01 respectively). In addition, work status was significantly related to anxiety (p = 0.02) and the family history of infertility was significaotJy related to stress (p = 0.04). Conciusion, infertile women are suffering from high level of psychological distress that is not related to the most of socio-demographic or clinical variables. Recommendations: Designing ancJ implementing counseling program for infertile women to improve their psychological status and help them cope successfully.

Workers on the frontlines of healthcare are encountering "disturbing" levels of unchecked violence and abuse from both patients and coworkers. Although much has been written about aggression from a variety of viewpoints, little systematic information has been gathered about what nurses' see as aggression. It was reported that nurses from both academic and clinical settings complained that aggression from colleagues was more problematic to deal with than aggression from patients. Negative effects have been observed in terms of lowered performance, deteriorated physical and mental health, resulting in alcoholism, and even suicide. So, this study aimed to identify nature and source of workplace violence as perceived by nurses and to explore the impact of workplace violence on nurses' behavior and performance. The sample composed of all nurses working at coronary care unit, burn unit, psychiatric unit, emergency unit, and a representative sample of nurses working at outpatient clinics of Assuit University Hospital. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire. It included demographic characteristics of the studied sample, items related to the nature and source of violence, as well as workplace violence- behavior and performance checklist that was adopted from (Ferram, 1995). Results showed that the majority of nurses exposed to verbal violence at workplace. Patients constituted the main source of violence in psychiatric unit. However, physicians and patients' relatives constituted the main source of violence in critical care units and outpatient clinics respectively. Also, it was found that violence has negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance. Conclusion: Verbal abuse was the most common type of violence among the majority of nurses at workplace and it has negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance. Recommendations: Training program is essential for nurses to prevent violence and aggression in study settings and collaboration with physicians and other disciplines is needed to decrease violence and its negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance.

Workers on the frontlines of healthcare are encountering "disturbing" levels of unchecked violence and abuse from both patients and coworkers. Although much has been written about aggression from a variety of viewpoints, little systematic information has been gathered about what nurses' see as aggression. It was reported that nurses from both academic and clinical settings complained that aggression from colleagues was more problematic to deal with than aggression from patients. Negative effects have been observed in terms of lowered performance, deteriorated physical and mental health, resulting in alcoholism, and even suicide. So, this study aimed to identify nature and source of workplace violence as perceived by nurses and to explore the impact of workplace violence on nurses' behavior and performance. The sample composed of all nurses working at coronary care unit, burn unit, psychiatric unit, emergency unit, and a representative sample of nurses working at outpatient clinics of Assuit University Hospital. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire. It included demographic characteristics of the studied sample, items related to the nature and source of violence, as well as workplace violence- behavior and performance checklist that was adopted from (Ferram, 1995). Results showed that the majority of nurses exposed to verbal violence at workplace. Patients constituted the main source of violence in psychiatric unit. However, physicians and patients' relatives constituted the main source of violence in critical care units and outpatient clinics respectively. Also, it was found that violence has negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance. Conclusion: Verbal abuse was the most common type of violence among the majority of nurses at workplace and it has negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance. Recommendations: Training program is essential for nurses to prevent violence and aggression in study settings and collaboration with physicians and other disciplines is needed to decrease violence and its negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance.

Workers on the frontlines of healthcare are encountering "disturbing" levels of unchecked violence and abuse from both patients and coworkers. Although much has been written about aggression from a variety of viewpoints, little systematic information has been gathered about what nurses' see as aggression. It was reported that nurses from both academic and clinical settings complained that aggression from colleagues was more problematic to deal with than aggression from patients. Negative effects have been observed in terms of lowered performance, deteriorated physical and mental health, resulting in alcoholism, and even suicide. So, this study aimed to identify nature and source of workplace violence as perceived by nurses and to explore the impact of workplace violence on nurses' behavior and performance. The sample composed of all nurses working at coronary care unit, burn unit, psychiatric unit, emergency unit, and a representative sample of nurses working at outpatient clinics of Assuit University Hospital. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire. It included demographic characteristics of the studied sample, items related to the nature and source of violence, as well as workplace violence- behavior and performance checklist that was adopted from (Ferram, 1995). Results showed that the majority of nurses exposed to verbal violence at workplace. Patients constituted the main source of violence in psychiatric unit. However, physicians and patients' relatives constituted the main source of violence in critical care units and outpatient clinics respectively. Also, it was found that violence has negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance. Conclusion: Verbal abuse was the most common type of violence among the majority of nurses at workplace and it has negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance. Recommendations: Training program is essential for nurses to prevent violence and aggression in study settings and collaboration with physicians and other disciplines is needed to decrease violence and its negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance.