Productivity of nurses is an important matter. Nurse’s productivity is well connected to nurses' workload. Through measuring workload productivity can be easily measured. This study aims at measuring nurses’ workload at trauma and post operative intensive care units and identifying the impact of nurses’ workload on nursing productivity. Methods: the subject consisted of the total number of admitted patients 112 patients at trauma ICU and 111 patients at post operative ICU and total number of nurses was 68 at trauma ICU and 23 at post operative ICU. Data collected for the period of three months by observation of nursing care given to all admitted patients at the selected sites for 24 hours from admission to discharge and by interviewing nurses for nurses’ personal data. Data collected using: Patient Information sheet; nurses’ information sheet; Nursing Activities Score; and productivity formulas. Results: Trauma ICU patients had about 60% of workload, while post operative ICU patients had more than 50% of workload. Performance ratio (productivity) was about 50% and 75% for trauma and post operative ICUs respectively. There was negative correlation between workload and productivity at trauma and post operative ICUs. Recommendations: applying of nursing activities score (NAS) to retain nurses staffing, enhance productivity, and avoid waste of nurses’ time. Productivity should be measured annually and comparing the results against productivity standards. Informing staff with patient care results and provide annual productivity indices for them and incentives should be based on the results of measured workload.

An organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is a term that encompasses anything positive and constructive that employees do, of their own volition, which supports co-workers and benefits the organization. Aim of the study: was to assess organizational citizenship behaviors factors as perceived by nursing faculties' members in Upper Egypt. A descriptive research design was utilized in the present study. The total number of faculty members were (n=233). Organizational citizenship behaviors questionnaire consisted of two parts: 1st part included six questions related to personal data of nursing faculty members include: (name of the university, age, sex, marital status, educational qualifications, and years of experience). 2nd part of the questionnaire included thirty nine items covers five factors of organizational citizenship behaviors: training and development, work – life policies, empowerment practices, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The possible responses of this part were: 3 for disagree, 2 for uncertain and 1 for agree. Results: denoted that almost all demonstrators and assistant lecturers disagreed on factors of training and development, work-life policies, and empowerment practices while were agreed with organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviors factors. There were statistically significant differences for all factors of organizational citizenship behaviors, while almost all members with doctoral degree at nursing faculties in Upper Egypt Universities agreed on all factors of organizational citizenship behaviors except work-life policies with statistically significant differences for all factors. Conclusions: Both married and unmarried were agreed with all organizational citizenship behaviors factors except with training and development & work-life polices factors. And there were statistically significant differences among marital status and organizational citizenship behaviors (P0.001, 0.006, 0.000, and 0.006) respectively except empowerment practices was (P0.87). All faculties' members with different educational qualifications and years of experiences were disagreed on training and development, work-life policies factors with highly statistical significant differences. .Recommendations: In the light of the findings, the researchers recommended that Up grading competencies of nursing faculties teachers through attendance of staff development programs will increase their OCB, Provide power to the nursing faculties' teaching staff with different educational qualifications to share in decision making can lead to improve teachers' leadership skills, improve work-life quality, and improve professionalism.

An organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is a term that encompasses anything positive and constructive that employees do, of their own volition, which supports co-workers and benefits the organization. Aim of the study: was to assess organizational citizenship behaviors factors as perceived by nursing faculties' members in Upper Egypt. A descriptive research design was utilized in the present study. The total number of faculty members were (n=233). Organizational citizenship behaviors questionnaire consisted of two parts: 1st part included six questions related to personal data of nursing faculty members include: (name of the university, age, sex, marital status, educational qualifications, and years of experience). 2nd part of the questionnaire included thirty nine items covers five factors of organizational citizenship behaviors: training and development, work – life policies, empowerment practices, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The possible responses of this part were: 3 for disagree, 2 for uncertain and 1 for agree. Results: denoted that almost all demonstrators and assistant lecturers disagreed on factors of training and development, work-life policies, and empowerment practices while were agreed with organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviors factors. There were statistically significant differences for all factors of organizational citizenship behaviors, while almost all members with doctoral degree at nursing faculties in Upper Egypt Universities agreed on all factors of organizational citizenship behaviors except work-life policies with statistically significant differences for all factors. Conclusions: Both married and unmarried were agreed with all organizational citizenship behaviors factors except with training and development & work-life polices factors. And there were statistically significant differences among marital status and organizational citizenship behaviors (P0.001, 0.006, 0.000, and 0.006) respectively except empowerment practices was (P0.87). All faculties' members with different educational qualifications and years of experiences were disagreed on training and development, work-life policies factors with highly statistical significant differences. .Recommendations: In the light of the findings, the researchers recommended that Up grading competencies of nursing faculties teachers through attendance of staff development programs will increase their OCB, Provide power to the nursing faculties' teaching staff with different educational qualifications to share in decision making can lead to improve teachers' leadership skills, improve work-life quality, and improve professionalism.

Back ground: Health Care Assistants (HCA) emerged primarily to support the professional nurse and to undertake non-nursing duties under the supervision of qualified nurses. Recently unlicensed personnel have been used as substitutes for professional nurses. Aim of the study: To develop a job description for assistant nurses. Setting: The study was carried out at Assuit University Hospitals. Subjects and methods: The subjects included all head nurses working in the designated settings (n = 72) and 10% of the total assistant nurses (n = 40). Data collection tools: The data for the present study was collected using three different tools: a questionnaire sheet, an observation sheet (job analysis) and focus group discussion. Results: The present study revealed that there is no training program and orientation made for assistant nurses and there is no job description for them. There was congruency between the head nurses' opinions, job analysis and focus group discussion as regards indirect care, and environmental activities performed by assistant nurses. Recommendations: The researchers recommended a conduct training program for assistant nurses about infection control principles, communication skills, and nursing profession .Constant direct supervision by authoritative persons for assistant nurses should be established in the hospitals.

Back ground: Health Care Assistants (HCA) emerged primarily to support the professional nurse and to undertake non-nursing duties under the supervision of qualified nurses. Recently unlicensed personnel have been used as substitutes for professional nurses. Aim of the study: To develop a job description for assistant nurses. Setting: The study was carried out at Assuit University Hospitals. Subjects and methods: The subjects included all head nurses working in the designated settings (n = 72) and 10% of the total assistant nurses (n = 40). Data collection tools: The data for the present study was collected using three different tools: a questionnaire sheet, an observation sheet (job analysis) and focus group discussion. Results: The present study revealed that there is no training program and orientation made for assistant nurses and there is no job description for them. There was congruency between the head nurses' opinions, job analysis and focus group discussion as regards indirect care, and environmental activities performed by assistant nurses. Recommendations: The researchers recommended a conduct training program for assistant nurses about infection control principles, communication skills, and nursing profession .Constant direct supervision by authoritative persons for assistant nurses should be established in the hospitals.

Back ground: Health Care Assistants (HCA) emerged primarily to support the professional nurse and to undertake non-nursing duties under the supervision of qualified nurses. Recently unlicensed personnel have been used as substitutes for professional nurses. Aim of the study: To develop a job description for assistant nurses. Setting: The study was carried out at Assuit University Hospitals. Subjects and methods: The subjects included all head nurses working in the designated settings (n = 72) and 10% of the total assistant nurses (n = 40). Data collection tools: The data for the present study was collected using three different tools: a questionnaire sheet, an observation sheet (job analysis) and focus group discussion. Results: The present study revealed that there is no training program and orientation made for assistant nurses and there is no job description for them. There was congruency between the head nurses' opinions, job analysis and focus group discussion as regards indirect care, and environmental activities performed by assistant nurses. Recommendations: The researchers recommended a conduct training program for assistant nurses about infection control principles, communication skills, and nursing profession .Constant direct supervision by authoritative persons for assistant nurses should be established in the hospitals.

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended as the optimal way to feed infants. While overall breastfeeding rates are high, exclusive breastfeeding is relatively uncommon.The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends early initiation of breastfeeding (within 1 hour of giving birth) and exclusive breastfeeding for babies to six months of age. This study aimed to determine barriers of initiation and exclusive breast feeding among infancy aged 0-6 months.Prospective cross sectional research design was used to conduct the study in Woman's Health & Assiut University Children Hospital. The sample included 800 mothers and their infants. Two tools were used for collecting data in this study; tool (1): A structured interview questionnaire, it included personal data of mother and their infant, barriers of initiation and exclusive breastfeeding, and tool (2): Socio-economic scale; used to assess the socio-economic status of the family. The main study results were, only (20%) and (20.1%) of the mothers initiate the breast feeding within one hour after delivery and fed their infants exclusively respectively, the most common barriers to initiate the breast feeding were mothers tiredness (97.4%), pain (94.2%). The most common barriers of not continue exclusive breast fed were the infants still hungry after feeding (92.2%), misinterpret/understand of normal infant crying (90.8%), and perception of insufficient milk production (89.9%). The study concluded that, there was a low prevalence of early initiation time of breast feeding and many barriers that prevent mothers' exclusive breast feed their infants. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct educational program about the initiation time, and exclusive breastfeeding and its importance. Therefore more behavioral changes and communication should be made to promote, protect and support exclusive breast feeding.

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended as the optimal way to feed infants. While overall breastfeeding rates are high, exclusive breastfeeding is relatively uncommon.The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends early initiation of breastfeeding (within 1 hour of giving birth) and exclusive breastfeeding for babies to six months of age. This study aimed to determine barriers of initiation and exclusive breast feeding among infancy aged 0-6 months.Prospective cross sectional research design was used to conduct the study in Woman's Health & Assiut University Children Hospital. The sample included 800 mothers and their infants. Two tools were used for collecting data in this study; tool (1): A structured interview questionnaire, it included personal data of mother and their infant, barriers of initiation and exclusive breastfeeding, and tool (2): Socio-economic scale; used to assess the socio-economic status of the family. The main study results were, only (20%) and (20.1%) of the mothers initiate the breast feeding within one hour after delivery and fed their infants exclusively respectively, the most common barriers to initiate the breast feeding were mothers tiredness (97.4%), pain (94.2%). The most common barriers of not continue exclusive breast fed were the infants still hungry after feeding (92.2%), misinterpret/understand of normal infant crying (90.8%), and perception of insufficient milk production (89.9%). The study concluded that, there was a low prevalence of early initiation time of breast feeding and many barriers that prevent mothers' exclusive breast feed their infants. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct educational program about the initiation time, and exclusive breastfeeding and its importance. Therefore more behavioral changes and communication should be made to promote, protect and support exclusive breast feeding.

Objective This study was designed to evaluate the role of music therapy on the level of stress in children undergoing repair of congenital heart disease. Design Prospective, randomized double blind controlled clinical trial Setting of the study Children University Hospital Patients 50 children in the age of 4 to 12 years undergoing repair of congenital heart disease Methods Patients were randomized into two equal groups (control group and music group); in control group patients listened to a blank CD, while in music group patients listened to a recorded CD by music and songs preferred by the child. Demographic data clinical data and preoperative vital signs were recorded. A baseline stress markers (blood glucose and cortisol levels) were sampled. Patients were assessed intra-operatively till extubation for vital signs, stress markers and after extubation for pain and sedation scales. An interview conducted within the first postoperative week with the patients and their parents for assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder and negative postoperative behavior changes. Measurements and Main Results No significant difference in demographic, clinical data, vital signs, preoperative and at extubation blood glucose levels and preoperative blood cortisol level between both groups. Significant difference in blood glucose and cortisol levels at all intraoperative times, while only in cortisol blood level at extubation. Significant differences in pain score, sedation score, occurrence of child posttraumatic stress disorder and occurrence of negative postoperative behavior. Conclusion listening to favourable music in children undergoing repair for congenital heart disease resulted in less stress and more relaxation.

Objective This study was designed to evaluate the role of music therapy on the level of stress in children undergoing repair of congenital heart disease. Design Prospective, randomized double blind controlled clinical trial Setting of the study Children University Hospital Patients 50 children in the age of 4 to 12 years undergoing repair of congenital heart disease Methods Patients were randomized into two equal groups (control group and music group); in control group patients listened to a blank CD, while in music group patients listened to a recorded CD by music and songs preferred by the child. Demographic data clinical data and preoperative vital signs were recorded. A baseline stress markers (blood glucose and cortisol levels) were sampled. Patients were assessed intra-operatively till extubation for vital signs, stress markers and after extubation for pain and sedation scales. An interview conducted within the first postoperative week with the patients and their parents for assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder and negative postoperative behavior changes. Measurements and Main Results No significant difference in demographic, clinical data, vital signs, preoperative and at extubation blood glucose levels and preoperative blood cortisol level between both groups. Significant difference in blood glucose and cortisol levels at all intraoperative times, while only in cortisol blood level at extubation. Significant differences in pain score, sedation score, occurrence of child posttraumatic stress disorder and occurrence of negative postoperative behavior. Conclusion listening to favourable music in children undergoing repair for congenital heart disease resulted in less stress and more relaxation.