Objective: The aim of our study is to assess the clinico-electrophysiological profile of children with Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) in Upper Egypt and to compare the efficacy of plasmapheresis versus other treatment modalities. Patients and methods: This was a retrospective study of children from January 2010 to October 2014 diagnosed as GBS. It included 62 cases. Results: Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) was the most prevalent type of GBS in our locality. As regards the treatment, 32 cases received plasmapheresis while 30 patients received intravenous immunoglobulin. We found a significant decrease in the duration of hospitalization and a significant increase in the number of children with complete recovery in cases treated with plasmapheresis. Conclusion: GBS is not uncommon in children of Upper Egypt, with AIDP the most prevalent type. Plasmapheresis is the best treatment modalities for GBS as it reduces the duration of hospital stay and hastens the recovery of those children.

Objective: The aim of our study is to assess the clinico-electrophysiological profile of children with Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) in Upper Egypt and to compare the efficacy of plasmapheresis versus other treatment modalities. Patients and methods: This was a retrospective study of children from January 2010 to October 2014 diagnosed as GBS. It included 62 cases. Results: Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) was the most prevalent type of GBS in our locality. As regards the treatment, 32 cases received plasmapheresis while 30 patients received intravenous immunoglobulin. We found a significant decrease in the duration of hospitalization and a significant increase in the number of children with complete recovery in cases treated with plasmapheresis. Conclusion: GBS is not uncommon in children of Upper Egypt, with AIDP the most prevalent type. Plasmapheresis is the best treatment modalities for GBS as it reduces the duration of hospital stay and hastens the recovery of those children.

Our study aimed to study regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their expression of CD45RA, HLA-DR, and CD39 in preterm and full-term infants. In an observational study, we used a three-color flow cytometry for determination of Tregs and their expression of CD45RA, HLA-DR, and CD39 in preterm and full-term infants. The percentages of CD4+ CD25+highFoxp3+, CD39+ Tregs, HLA-DR+ Tregs and the expression of Foxp3+ in CD4+ CD25+highFoxp3 Tregs cells were significantly lower in neonates when compared to healthy adult controls. The levels of naïve resting Tregs ( CD45RA+Tregs) were significantly higher in neonates than controls. The percentages of CD4+ CD25+highFoxp3+Tregs, total CD4+ CD25+ and CD4+ CD25+high were significantly higher in preterm infants when compared to the full-term group. Moreover, CD45RA+ Tregs were significantly higher in preterm than in term infants. We found significant inverse correlations between the gestational age and the levels of both Tregs (r = − 0.395, p = 0.017) and CD45RA+ Tregs (r = − 0.422, p = 0.010). Relative to full-term, the frequencies, and phenotypes of Tregs were affected by prematurity. A larger longitudinal study with a sufficient number of newborns is needed to investigate the Treg pool of term and preterm infants thoroughly and to explore the association between the Treg pool and clinical variables.

Our study aimed to study regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their expression of CD45RA, HLA-DR, and CD39 in preterm and full-term infants. In an observational study, we used a three-color flow cytometry for determination of Tregs and their expression of CD45RA, HLA-DR, and CD39 in preterm and full-term infants. The percentages of CD4+ CD25+highFoxp3+, CD39+ Tregs, HLA-DR+ Tregs and the expression of Foxp3+ in CD4+ CD25+highFoxp3 Tregs cells were significantly lower in neonates when compared to healthy adult controls. The levels of naïve resting Tregs ( CD45RA+Tregs) were significantly higher in neonates than controls. The percentages of CD4+ CD25+highFoxp3+Tregs, total CD4+ CD25+ and CD4+ CD25+high were significantly higher in preterm infants when compared to the full-term group. Moreover, CD45RA+ Tregs were significantly higher in preterm than in term infants. We found significant inverse correlations between the gestational age and the levels of both Tregs (r = − 0.395, p = 0.017) and CD45RA+ Tregs (r = − 0.422, p = 0.010). Relative to full-term, the frequencies, and phenotypes of Tregs were affected by prematurity. A larger longitudinal study with a sufficient number of newborns is needed to investigate the Treg pool of term and preterm infants thoroughly and to explore the association between the Treg pool and clinical variables.

Our study aimed to study regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their expression of CD45RA, HLA-DR, and CD39 in preterm and full-term infants. In an observational study, we used a three-color flow cytometry for determination of Tregs and their expression of CD45RA, HLA-DR, and CD39 in preterm and full-term infants. The percentages of CD4+ CD25+highFoxp3+, CD39+ Tregs, HLA-DR+ Tregs and the expression of Foxp3+ in CD4+ CD25+highFoxp3 Tregs cells were significantly lower in neonates when compared to healthy adult controls. The levels of naïve resting Tregs ( CD45RA+Tregs) were significantly higher in neonates than controls. The percentages of CD4+ CD25+highFoxp3+Tregs, total CD4+ CD25+ and CD4+ CD25+high were significantly higher in preterm infants when compared to the full-term group. Moreover, CD45RA+ Tregs were significantly higher in preterm than in term infants. We found significant inverse correlations between the gestational age and the levels of both Tregs (r = − 0.395, p = 0.017) and CD45RA+ Tregs (r = − 0.422, p = 0.010). Relative to full-term, the frequencies, and phenotypes of Tregs were affected by prematurity. A larger longitudinal study with a sufficient number of newborns is needed to investigate the Treg pool of term and preterm infants thoroughly and to explore the association between the Treg pool and clinical variables.

Our study aimed to study regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their expression of CD45RA, HLA-DR, and CD39 in preterm and full-term infants. In an observational study, we used a three-color flow cytometry for determination of Tregs and their expression of CD45RA, HLA-DR, and CD39 in preterm and full-term infants. The percentages of CD4+ CD25+highFoxp3+, CD39+ Tregs, HLA-DR+ Tregs and the expression of Foxp3+ in CD4+ CD25+highFoxp3 Tregs cells were significantly lower in neonates when compared to healthy adult controls. The levels of naïve resting Tregs ( CD45RA+Tregs) were significantly higher in neonates than controls. The percentages of CD4+ CD25+highFoxp3+Tregs, total CD4+ CD25+ and CD4+ CD25+high were significantly higher in preterm infants when compared to the full-term group. Moreover, CD45RA+ Tregs were significantly higher in preterm than in term infants. We found significant inverse correlations between the gestational age and the levels of both Tregs (r = − 0.395, p = 0.017) and CD45RA+ Tregs (r = − 0.422, p = 0.010). Relative to full-term, the frequencies, and phenotypes of Tregs were affected by prematurity. A larger longitudinal study with a sufficient number of newborns is needed to investigate the Treg pool of term and preterm infants thoroughly and to explore the association between the Treg pool and clinical variables.

The studies of T-regulatory (Treg) cells in the pediatric allergic disorders, especially allergic rhinitis (AR), are very few and still far from being elucidated. The aim of this study is to assess the frequencies of CD4+ CD25+Foxp3+ ( CD4+Tregs) and CD8+ CD25+highFoxp3+ ( CD8+Tregs) regulatory T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of children with AR. In fresh whole blood of 60 children with AR and 40 healthy controls, the frequencies of CD4+ Tregs and CD8+ Tregs were examined by flow cytometry. The total IgE concentration in the serum was measured. In AR children, the frequencies of CD4+ Tregs and CD8+ Tregs were significantly reduced when compared to control group (p = 0.041, p = 0.011, respectively). Moreover, the expressions of Foxp3+ in CD4+ CD25+high and CD8+ CD25+high cells were significantly lower in patient group than controls. We found a significant negative correlation between the frequencies of CD4+ Tregs and the total IgE concentration (p 0.01). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the percentages of CD8+ Tregs and CD4+ Tregs T cells were significantly decreased in children with AR. This suggests that decreased Treg cells might represent a defect in the compartment of T-cell population in children with AR. Further studies are warranted to fully appreciate the clinical relevance of Tregs in children with AR.

The studies of T-regulatory (Treg) cells in the pediatric allergic disorders, especially allergic rhinitis (AR), are very few and still far from being elucidated. The aim of this study is to assess the frequencies of CD4+ CD25+Foxp3+ ( CD4+Tregs) and CD8+ CD25+highFoxp3+ ( CD8+Tregs) regulatory T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of children with AR. In fresh whole blood of 60 children with AR and 40 healthy controls, the frequencies of CD4+ Tregs and CD8+ Tregs were examined by flow cytometry. The total IgE concentration in the serum was measured. In AR children, the frequencies of CD4+ Tregs and CD8+ Tregs were significantly reduced when compared to control group (p = 0.041, p = 0.011, respectively). Moreover, the expressions of Foxp3+ in CD4+ CD25+high and CD8+ CD25+high cells were significantly lower in patient group than controls. We found a significant negative correlation between the frequencies of CD4+ Tregs and the total IgE concentration (p 0.01). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the percentages of CD8+ Tregs and CD4+ Tregs T cells were significantly decreased in children with AR. This suggests that decreased Treg cells might represent a defect in the compartment of T-cell population in children with AR. Further studies are warranted to fully appreciate the clinical relevance of Tregs in children with AR.

The studies of T-regulatory (Treg) cells in the pediatric allergic disorders, especially allergic rhinitis (AR), are very few and still far from being elucidated. The aim of this study is to assess the frequencies of CD4+ CD25+Foxp3+ ( CD4+Tregs) and CD8+ CD25+highFoxp3+ ( CD8+Tregs) regulatory T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of children with AR. In fresh whole blood of 60 children with AR and 40 healthy controls, the frequencies of CD4+ Tregs and CD8+ Tregs were examined by flow cytometry. The total IgE concentration in the serum was measured. In AR children, the frequencies of CD4+ Tregs and CD8+ Tregs were significantly reduced when compared to control group (p = 0.041, p = 0.011, respectively). Moreover, the expressions of Foxp3+ in CD4+ CD25+high and CD8+ CD25+high cells were significantly lower in patient group than controls. We found a significant negative correlation between the frequencies of CD4+ Tregs and the total IgE concentration (p 0.01). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the percentages of CD8+ Tregs and CD4+ Tregs T cells were significantly decreased in children with AR. This suggests that decreased Treg cells might represent a defect in the compartment of T-cell population in children with AR. Further studies are warranted to fully appreciate the clinical relevance of Tregs in children with AR.

Aim: We studied the functional polymorphisms of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) genes and risk of acute pyelonephritis (APN) in children attending Assiut University Children’s Hospitals, Egypt, from 2011 to 2015. Methods: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) were diagnosed in 380 children: 98 had APN and 282 had lower UTIs. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms in ICAM-1 and TLR-4 genes were genotyped in all subjects: ICAM-1 rs1799969 Gly241Arg, ICAM-1 rs5498 Glu469Lys, TLR-4 rs4896791 Thr399Ile and TLR-4 rs4896790 Asp299Gly. Results: Patients with APN were significantly more likely to have AA genotype of the ICAM- 1 rs5498 (1462 A/G) polymorphism (p = 0.04) than children with lower UTIs and the TLR-4 Asp299Gly GG genotype (p = 0.002) and G allele (p = 0.006) than healthy controls. The association with the ICAM-1 Glu469Lys (1462A/G) was less evident. The GG genotype was associated with a modest relative risk of 1.4 (p = 0.1) of developing APN, but was not an independent odds ratio, at 1.2 (p = 0.48). Conclusion: Functional variants in ICAM-1 and TLR-4 genes were increasingly common in children with febrile UTIs with renal parenchymal involvement, but the ICAM-1 Glu469Lys (1462A/G) association was less evident. TLR4 Asp299Gly might independently increase renal parenchymal infection rather than renal scarring.