Obesity can be associated with dysfunction of the immune system. An increased risk of obesity has been reported among individuals with low levels of vitamin D. However, much is still unknown about the link between vitamin D and dysfunction of the spleen and immune system in obesity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the spleen and immune system and to determine the protective effects of chronic treatment with vitamin D in reversing the detrimental effects of HFD. Body weight (BW) gain, the serum levels of calcium, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), and the expression of both CD86 and caspase-3 in the spleen were investigated. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were divided into three equal groups: the control (C) group received a control diet for 10 weeks, the HFD-C group received a HFD for 10 weeks, and the HFD-treated group received a HFD co-administered with oral vitamin D (1 μg/kg) daily for 10 weeks. Administration of vitamin D in combination with HFD significantly decreased BW gain, decreased the serum levels of both calcium and CRP, increased the serum level of IL-10, improved the general histological appearance of the spleen, and decreased the expression of both CD86 and caspase-3 in the spleen in comparison with results seen in the HFD-C group. Our data suggest that vitamin D supplementation holds promise as an adjunct treatment to alleviate the dysfunction of the spleen and immune system commonly seen in HFD-induced obesity.

Obesity can be associated with dysfunction of the immune system. An increased risk of obesity has been reported among individuals with low levels of vitamin D. However, much is still unknown about the link between vitamin D and dysfunction of the spleen and immune system in obesity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the spleen and immune system and to determine the protective effects of chronic treatment with vitamin D in reversing the detrimental effects of HFD. Body weight (BW) gain, the serum levels of calcium, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), and the expression of both CD86 and caspase-3 in the spleen were investigated. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were divided into three equal groups: the control (C) group received a control diet for 10 weeks, the HFD-C group received a HFD for 10 weeks, and the HFD-treated group received a HFD co-administered with oral vitamin D (1 μg/kg) daily for 10 weeks. Administration of vitamin D in combination with HFD significantly decreased BW gain, decreased the serum levels of both calcium and CRP, increased the serum level of IL-10, improved the general histological appearance of the spleen, and decreased the expression of both CD86 and caspase-3 in the spleen in comparison with results seen in the HFD-C group. Our data suggest that vitamin D supplementation holds promise as an adjunct treatment to alleviate the dysfunction of the spleen and immune system commonly seen in HFD-induced obesity.

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In Egypt, there is no legislation for deceased donor transplant; therefore, programs provide living donation only. One possible barrier against living liver donation may be the attitude of the health-care professional. This study aimed to (1) assess the level of knowledge and attitude toward liver donation and transplantation among health-care professional in an University Hospital in Upper Egypt and (2) analyze the variables that affect such an attitude. Materials and Methods: This was a crosssectional survey study with 300 health-care professionals. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age was 27.4 (5.3) years. Two hundred (66.7%) were females, and 257 (85.7%) were Muslims. A total of 222 (74%) were residents in University Hospitals. Of the sample, 104 (34.7%) would donate a living liver part, 122 (40.7%) discussed the matter of organ donation and transplantation with their family, and 134 (44.7%) did not discuss this issue with their family. About 40% knew the attitude of their religion toward organ donation. Most (94.7%) health professionals were 40 years and did not know the attitude of their religion toward this issue. Single persons had more correct information regarding living organ donation and transplantation. More Muslims know the attitude of their religion toward living organ donation and transplantation. Conclusions: Independent predictors of accepting living liver donation are being younger, knowledge of religion attitude, and media coverage satisfaction (P ¼ 0.006, odd ratio [OR] ¼ 0.2; P ¼ 0.000, OR ¼ 0.39; and P ¼ 0.016; OR ¼ 0.38)

In Egypt, there is no legislation for deceased donor transplant; therefore, programs provide living donation only. One possible barrier against living liver donation may be the attitude of the health-care professional. This study aimed to (1) assess the level of knowledge and attitude toward liver donation and transplantation among health-care professional in an University Hospital in Upper Egypt and (2) analyze the variables that affect such an attitude. Materials and Methods: This was a crosssectional survey study with 300 health-care professionals. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age was 27.4 (5.3) years. Two hundred (66.7%) were females, and 257 (85.7%) were Muslims. A total of 222 (74%) were residents in University Hospitals. Of the sample, 104 (34.7%) would donate a living liver part, 122 (40.7%) discussed the matter of organ donation and transplantation with their family, and 134 (44.7%) did not discuss this issue with their family. About 40% knew the attitude of their religion toward organ donation. Most (94.7%) health professionals were 40 years and did not know the attitude of their religion toward this issue. Single persons had more correct information regarding living organ donation and transplantation. More Muslims know the attitude of their religion toward living organ donation and transplantation. Conclusions: Independent predictors of accepting living liver donation are being younger, knowledge of religion attitude, and media coverage satisfaction (P ¼ 0.006, odd ratio [OR] ¼ 0.2; P ¼ 0.000, OR ¼ 0.39; and P ¼ 0.016; OR ¼ 0.38)

In Egypt, there is no legislation for deceased donor transplant; therefore, programs provide living donation only. One possible barrier against living liver donation may be the attitude of the health-care professional. This study aimed to (1) assess the level of knowledge and attitude toward liver donation and transplantation among health-care professional in an University Hospital in Upper Egypt and (2) analyze the variables that affect such an attitude. Materials and Methods: This was a crosssectional survey study with 300 health-care professionals. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age was 27.4 (5.3) years. Two hundred (66.7%) were females, and 257 (85.7%) were Muslims. A total of 222 (74%) were residents in University Hospitals. Of the sample, 104 (34.7%) would donate a living liver part, 122 (40.7%) discussed the matter of organ donation and transplantation with their family, and 134 (44.7%) did not discuss this issue with their family. About 40% knew the attitude of their religion toward organ donation. Most (94.7%) health professionals were 40 years and did not know the attitude of their religion toward this issue. Single persons had more correct information regarding living organ donation and transplantation. More Muslims know the attitude of their religion toward living organ donation and transplantation. Conclusions: Independent predictors of accepting living liver donation are being younger, knowledge of religion attitude, and media coverage satisfaction (P ¼ 0.006, odd ratio [OR] ¼ 0.2; P ¼ 0.000, OR ¼ 0.39; and P ¼ 0.016; OR ¼ 0.38)

Quality of water in Egypt is determined by a periodic monitoring program where natural, chemical and microbiological indicators are measured. The River Nile monitoring points are examined periodically every four months. Monitoring the impact of various sources of drainage especially industrial drainage on waterways, as well as monitoring hot spots on the river banks can be a true criterion for judging quality of fresh water of the River Nile. Most results through my researching years on the Nile water quality show the validity of that water for all uses. Comparing the acquired outcome and criteria of a wide range of streams on the world was carried out.

The oxidation time based on the fitting of experimental data was taken out. Drawing of the Absorbance (λmax=265 nm) vs. oxidation time (sec) of Vitacid C by K2 CrO4 were studied. Energy consumed during oxidative degradation of vitamin-C(Vit-C) Tablets in aqueous potassium chromate (K2CrO4) medium was studied spectrophometrically at 25°C. The reduction of the absorbance at~ 265 nm with increasing time was scanned. A good linearity (R-square ≥ 0.99). The slope (EC/ppm) vs reductant (Vit-C/ppm) at constant oxidant is about 1.218, while, the slope of EC vs. oxidant (K2CrO4 /ppm) is about 3.653. Calculations suggest that the EC during reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) is about three times of magnitude faster than the oxidation of the Vit - C sample.

The oxidation time based on the fitting of experimental data was taken out. Drawing of the Absorbance (λmax=265 nm) vs. oxidation time (sec) of Vitacid C by K2 CrO4 were studied. Energy consumed during oxidative degradation of vitamin-C(Vit-C) Tablets in aqueous potassium chromate (K2CrO4) medium was studied spectrophometrically at 25°C. The reduction of the absorbance at~ 265 nm with increasing time was scanned. A good linearity (R-square ≥ 0.99). The slope (EC/ppm) vs reductant (Vit-C/ppm) at constant oxidant is about 1.218, while, the slope of EC vs. oxidant (K2CrO4 /ppm) is about 3.653. Calculations suggest that the EC during reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) is about three times of magnitude faster than the oxidation of the Vit - C sample.