Unexplained infertility represents up to 30% of all cases of infertility. It is a diagnosis of exclusion, where no cause for infertility may be identified in the investigation of the couple, be it anovulation, fallopian tube blockage, or severe male factor. Unexplained infertility therefore cannot be considered a diagnosis to which a specific treatment is directed, rather that it indicates a failure to reach a diagnosis of the true cause of infertility. In this review, we explore the evidence base and potential limitations of the current routine infertility assessment. We also aim to highlight the importance of considering the prognosis of each individual couple through the process of assessment and propose a reconsidered approach to treatment, targeted to the prognosis rather than the diagnosis. Ultimately, a better understanding of the mechanisms of infertility will reduce the number of couples diagnosed with “unexplained” infertility.

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Occupational lead and cadmium exposure are important health issues in developing countries. This study aimed to detect toxic metal contents in raw materials used to make tiles and to assess exposure health impacts on workers. The study sample consisted of 74 tile workers, having a mean age of 35.2 years, in the Industrial City of Arab El Awamer, Assiut (Egypt). Elemental analysis of the raw materials was performed by using scanning electron microscopy. The data collection questionnaire was divided into two parts; the first included demographic data, symptoms attributed to toxic elements and possible sources of exposure to metals. The second part was designated to assess heavy metal exposure health impacts through clinical examination and biological

Occupational lead and cadmium exposure are important health issues in developing countries. This study aimed to detect toxic metal contents in raw materials used to make tiles and to assess exposure health impacts on workers. The study sample consisted of 74 tile workers, having a mean age of 35.2 years, in the Industrial City of Arab El Awamer, Assiut (Egypt). Elemental analysis of the raw materials was performed by using scanning electron microscopy. The data collection questionnaire was divided into two parts; the first included demographic data, symptoms attributed to toxic elements and possible sources of exposure to metals. The second part was designated to assess heavy metal exposure health impacts through clinical examination and biological

Occupational lead and cadmium exposure are important health issues in developing countries. This study aimed to detect toxic metal contents in raw materials used to make tiles and to assess exposure health impacts on workers. The study sample consisted of 74 tile workers, having a mean age of 35.2 years, in the Industrial City of Arab El Awamer, Assiut (Egypt). Elemental analysis of the raw materials was performed by using scanning electron microscopy. The data collection questionnaire was divided into two parts; the first included demographic data, symptoms attributed to toxic elements and possible sources of exposure to metals. The second part was designated to assess heavy metal exposure health impacts through clinical examination and biological

Occupational lead and cadmium exposure are important health issues in developing countries. This study aimed to detect toxic metal contents in raw materials used to make tiles and to assess exposure health impacts on workers. The study sample consisted of 74 tile workers, having a mean age of 35.2 years, in the Industrial City of Arab El Awamer, Assiut (Egypt). Elemental analysis of the raw materials was performed by using scanning electron microscopy. The data collection questionnaire was divided into two parts; the first included demographic data, symptoms attributed to toxic elements and possible sources of exposure to metals. The second part was designated to assess heavy metal exposure health impacts through clinical examination and biological

Trauma is a wound or injury caused by mechanical or physical factors. Trauma is a medical case with legal implications. Revolution of Egypt in the 25th of January 2011 was accompanied by dramatic changes in the Egyptian community attitudes that certainly had legal implications. Aim of the study: was to assess the changes in the medico-legal pattern of hospitalized trauma cases with evaluation of the homicidal cases concerning the cause and the final outcome especially in the post-revolution period. Participants and Methods: This study was a retrospective one that included 1527 hospitalized trauma cases who were collected from Trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospital in the period between January 2010 and December 2016. All the needed data was collected from health information system database of the Trauma Unit after taking the official consent from the unit director. The collected data included basic demographic data, cause of injury, mechanisms, mode and outcomes of trauma in all hospitalized cases. Results: 1527 hospitalized trauma cases were collected; mean age was 25.39 ± 15.4 years, male: female ratio was (6.6:1). The annual number of trauma cases was almost equal in the first 5 years then decreased gradually after that. Homicidal mode (assault from others) was approximately doubled from 22.6% in 2010 (before revolution) to 40.5% in 2011 and 38.0% in 2012 (after revolution), then decreased gradually in 2014 till 2016, also firearm injuries increased from 9.6% before revolution (2010) to 14.3% in 2011 and jumped to 31.0% in 2012 and 37.3% in 2013 then, decreased gradually after that. The accidental mode road traffic accident decreased from 40% before revolution to 26% and 20% in 2011 and 2012 respectively (after revolution). Conclusions: January 25th Egyptian revolution clearly changed the medico-legal pattern of trauma; from accidental pattern (road traffic accidents & falls) before revolution to homicidal pattern (assault from others & firearm injuries) in the post revolution period.

Trauma is a wound or injury caused by mechanical or physical factors. Trauma is a medical case with legal implications. Revolution of Egypt in the 25th of January 2011 was accompanied by dramatic changes in the Egyptian community attitudes that certainly had legal implications. Aim of the study: was to assess the changes in the medico-legal pattern of hospitalized trauma cases with evaluation of the homicidal cases concerning the cause and the final outcome especially in the post-revolution period. Participants and Methods: This study was a retrospective one that included 1527 hospitalized trauma cases who were collected from Trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospital in the period between January 2010 and December 2016. All the needed data was collected from health information system database of the Trauma Unit after taking the official consent from the unit director. The collected data included basic demographic data, cause of injury, mechanisms, mode and outcomes of trauma in all hospitalized cases. Results: 1527 hospitalized trauma cases were collected; mean age was 25.39 ± 15.4 years, male: female ratio was (6.6:1). The annual number of trauma cases was almost equal in the first 5 years then decreased gradually after that. Homicidal mode (assault from others) was approximately doubled from 22.6% in 2010 (before revolution) to 40.5% in 2011 and 38.0% in 2012 (after revolution), then decreased gradually in 2014 till 2016, also firearm injuries increased from 9.6% before revolution (2010) to 14.3% in 2011 and jumped to 31.0% in 2012 and 37.3% in 2013 then, decreased gradually after that. The accidental mode road traffic accident decreased from 40% before revolution to 26% and 20% in 2011 and 2012 respectively (after revolution). Conclusions: January 25th Egyptian revolution clearly changed the medico-legal pattern of trauma; from accidental pattern (road traffic accidents & falls) before revolution to homicidal pattern (assault from others & firearm injuries) in the post revolution period.

Trauma is a wound or injury caused by mechanical or physical factors. Trauma is a medical case with legal implications. Revolution of Egypt in the 25th of January 2011 was accompanied by dramatic changes in the Egyptian community attitudes that certainly had legal implications. Aim of the study: was to assess the changes in the medico-legal pattern of hospitalized trauma cases with evaluation of the homicidal cases concerning the cause and the final outcome especially in the post-revolution period. Participants and Methods: This study was a retrospective one that included 1527 hospitalized trauma cases who were collected from Trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospital in the period between January 2010 and December 2016. All the needed data was collected from health information system database of the Trauma Unit after taking the official consent from the unit director. The collected data included basic demographic data, cause of injury, mechanisms, mode and outcomes of trauma in all hospitalized cases. Results: 1527 hospitalized trauma cases were collected; mean age was 25.39 ± 15.4 years, male: female ratio was (6.6:1). The annual number of trauma cases was almost equal in the first 5 years then decreased gradually after that. Homicidal mode (assault from others) was approximately doubled from 22.6% in 2010 (before revolution) to 40.5% in 2011 and 38.0% in 2012 (after revolution), then decreased gradually in 2014 till 2016, also firearm injuries increased from 9.6% before revolution (2010) to 14.3% in 2011 and jumped to 31.0% in 2012 and 37.3% in 2013 then, decreased gradually after that. The accidental mode road traffic accident decreased from 40% before revolution to 26% and 20% in 2011 and 2012 respectively (after revolution). Conclusions: January 25th Egyptian revolution clearly changed the medico-legal pattern of trauma; from accidental pattern (road traffic accidents & falls) before revolution to homicidal pattern (assault from others & firearm injuries) in the post revolution period.