The new process technologies developed during the last years made it possible to produce biodiesel from desert plants. From an economic point of view; the production of biodiesel is very feedstock sensitive. Many previous reports estimated the cost of biodiesel production based on assumptions, made by their authors, regarding production volume, feedstock and chemical technology. From a waste management standpoint, producing biodiesel from used frying oil is environmentally beneficial, since it provides a cleaner way for disposing these products; meanwhile, it can yield valuable cuts in CO2 as well as significant tail-pipe pollution gains. This paper introduces a review of some researches related to the production of biofuels from plants. The present study is focused on five types of plants which are castor, coconut, dates nucleus, jatropha and olive. Plants comparison in terms of growing conditions and how to convert each plant's oil to biofuels are presented. Chemical properties (heating value, flash point, viscosity……etc) of pure oil, oil mixing ratios with the petro diesel and for pure biofuels and also economic aspects are reviewed. The study leads to the best plants (castor and jatropha) for the production of biofuels in Egypt. The plants are appropriate to the circumstances of their agriculture with farming conditions in Egypt and non–edible. Biodiesel output from these plants has chemical properties approach to the chemical properties of petro diesel

The present study concerns Irrigated area of the lead status of 34662 Faddens in Akhmim Center irrigation management from Sohag governorate, a main canal takes its water from the east bank of river Nile to feed Sohag area ( Eastern Nag –Hammady canal ) with all off taking canals. The canals and roads are located on the right bank of the Nile, and pass through the governorates of Assiut and Sohag. The area of study is located at km 66.00 of Eastern Nag Hamady canal. Area = 30662 Faddens , reclaimed area = 4000 Faddens,, side slope all canal 3:2 , longitudinal slope 5.0 cm / km , bed width of main canal = 24 m , bed level of main canal (61.80). Sohag from Topographic Hydrogeological map of Egypt lands at (NG- 36) with 26º 00َ From the east and 33º 00َ at North. The present study deals with this problem which can be divided into two main parts:  The first part is an experimental work using Monitoring of groundwater levels using groundwater wells and compared extracted tests from nature, and the use of regions and layers of soil at the site and several areas in the light of the classification of the soil layers and the permeability of water through which the investigations show us sufficient information about the layers of soil and water levels by the use of groundwater and hydrological department of the possible creation of a formulation of soil water zone and the calculation of degree of leakage of water in the region.  The second part is the numerical investigation using the obtained soil properties from the experimental work and Monitoring the levels, discharge by the Department for distribution to the main canals and branch canals and distribution over more than fifteen-year registration of these levels and calculated according to actual needs and received from the agricultural departments in each of the study area and account for the rationing of agricultural crops and waste from the area and evaporation, leakage and the perceived lack of reform and tighten the gates and the ends of the mouths of canals and irrigation canals on the banks and the Nile, and to give periodic behavior of water with high control and tighten the requirement of crops and extended and thus the lack of access to water.

The present study concerns Irrigated area of the lead status of 34662 Faddens in Akhmim Center irrigation management from Sohag governorate, a main canal takes its water from the east bank of river Nile to feed Sohag area ( Eastern Nag –Hammady canal ) with all off taking canals. The canals and roads are located on the right bank of the Nile, and pass through the governorates of Assiut and Sohag. The area of study is located at km 66.00 of Eastern Nag Hamady canal. Area = 30662 Faddens , reclaimed area = 4000 Faddens,, side slope all canal 3:2 , longitudinal slope 5.0 cm / km , bed width of main canal = 24 m , bed level of main canal (61.80). Sohag from Topographic Hydrogeological map of Egypt lands at (NG- 36) with 26º 00َ From the east and 33º 00َ at North. The present study deals with this problem which can be divided into two main parts:  The first part is an experimental work using Monitoring of groundwater levels using groundwater wells and compared extracted tests from nature, and the use of regions and layers of soil at the site and several areas in the light of the classification of the soil layers and the permeability of water through which the investigations show us sufficient information about the layers of soil and water levels by the use of groundwater and hydrological department of the possible creation of a formulation of soil water zone and the calculation of degree of leakage of water in the region.  The second part is the numerical investigation using the obtained soil properties from the experimental work and Monitoring the levels, discharge by the Department for distribution to the main canals and branch canals and distribution over more than fifteen-year registration of these levels and calculated according to actual needs and received from the agricultural departments in each of the study area and account for the rationing of agricultural crops and waste from the area and evaporation, leakage and the perceived lack of reform and tighten the gates and the ends of the mouths of canals and irrigation canals on the banks and the Nile, and to give periodic behavior of water with high control and tighten the requirement of crops and extended and thus the lack of access to water.

The present study concerns Irrigated area of the lead status of 34662 Faddens in Akhmim Center irrigation management from Sohag governorate, a main canal takes its water from the east bank of river Nile to feed Sohag area ( Eastern Nag –Hammady canal ) with all off taking canals. The canals and roads are located on the right bank of the Nile, and pass through the governorates of Assiut and Sohag. The area of study is located at km 66.00 of Eastern Nag Hamady canal. Area = 30662 Faddens , reclaimed area = 4000 Faddens,, side slope all canal 3:2 , longitudinal slope 5.0 cm / km , bed width of main canal = 24 m , bed level of main canal (61.80). Sohag from Topographic Hydrogeological map of Egypt lands at (NG- 36) with 26º 00َ From the east and 33º 00َ at North. The present study deals with this problem which can be divided into two main parts:  The first part is an experimental work using Monitoring of groundwater levels using groundwater wells and compared extracted tests from nature, and the use of regions and layers of soil at the site and several areas in the light of the classification of the soil layers and the permeability of water through which the investigations show us sufficient information about the layers of soil and water levels by the use of groundwater and hydrological department of the possible creation of a formulation of soil water zone and the calculation of degree of leakage of water in the region.  The second part is the numerical investigation using the obtained soil properties from the experimental work and Monitoring the levels, discharge by the Department for distribution to the main canals and branch canals and distribution over more than fifteen-year registration of these levels and calculated according to actual needs and received from the agricultural departments in each of the study area and account for the rationing of agricultural crops and waste from the area and evaporation, leakage and the perceived lack of reform and tighten the gates and the ends of the mouths of canals and irrigation canals on the banks and the Nile, and to give periodic behavior of water with high control and tighten the requirement of crops and extended and thus the lack of access to water.

Computers are rapidly becoming faster and more versatile, and as a result, high-powered integrated circuits have been produced in order to meet this need. However, these highspeed circuits are expected to generate heat fluxes that exceed the circuit's allowable operating temperature, and so an innovative cooling device is needed to solve this problem. Microchannel heat sinks were introduced in the early 1980s to be used as a means of cooling integrated circuits. Since then, many studies have been conducted in the field of these microchannel heat sinks. Earlier research used mainly single-phase coolants in their heat sinks, but two-phase coolants are now the focus of more recent research. The purpose of this article is to present a state-of-the art literature review of the progress of research in the field of microchannel heat sinks. This literature will focus mainly on the most recent research, starting with the latter half of the 1990s.

Digital microfluidics is a fluid manipulation technique in which discrete droplets are actuated on patterned arrays of electrodes. Although there is great enthusiasm for the application of this technique to chemical and biological assays, development has been hindered by the requirement of clean room fabrication facilities. Here, we present a new fabrication scheme, relying on microcontact printing (μCP), an inexpensive technique that does not require clean room facilities. In μCP, an elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamp is used to deposit patterns of self-assembled monolayers onto a substrate. We report three different μCP-based fabrication techniques: (1) selective etching of gold-on-glass substrates; (2) direct printing of a suspension of palladium colloids; and (3) indirect trapping of gold colloids from suspension. In method 1, etched gold electrodes are used for droplet actuation; in methods 2 and 3, colloid patterns are used to seed electroless deposition of copper. We demonstrate, for the first time, that digital microfluidic devices can be formed by μCP and are capable of the full range of digital microfluidics operations: dispensing, merging, motion, and splitting. Devices formed by the most robust of the new techniques were comparable in performance to devices formed by conventional methods, at a fraction of the fabrication time. These new techniques for digital microfluidics device fabrication have the potential to facilitate expansion of this technology to any research group, even those without access to conventional microfabrication tools and facilities.

Two rapid prototyping techniques for digital microfluidics (see figure) are presented. In the first method, actuation electrodes are patterned on printed circuit board substrates by using photolithography. In the second technique, actuation electrodes are patterned directly onto substrates using a desktop laser printer. These techniques reduce the time, complexity, and cost required to produce devices, which makes this technology accessible to any research lab.

An innovative and simple microfabrication method for digital microfluidics is presented. In this method, devices are formed from copper substrates or gold compact disks using rapid marker masking to replace photolithography. The new method is capable of forming devices with inter-electrode gaps as small as 50 μm. Saran™ wrap (polyethylene film) and commercial water repellants were used as dielectric and hydrophobic coatings, respectively, to replace commonly used and more expensive materials such as parylene-C and Teflon-AF. Devices formed by the new method enabled single- and two-plate actuation of droplets with volumes of 1–12 μL. Fabricated devices were successfully tested for droplet manipulation, merging and splitting. We anticipate that this fabrication method will bring digital microfluidics within the reach of any laboratory with minimal facilities.

Digital microfluidics has become a popular tool for biochemical and biomedical applications. However, its current format is restricted to actuation of droplets on a single plane. Here, we introduce a new method for fluid handling on flexible devices, which we have termed all-terrain droplet actuation (ATDA). We show that ATDA can be used to manipulate droplets across a wide range of geometries, including inclined, declined, vertical, twisted, and upside-down architectures. These new geometries enable flexible, straightforward integration of distinct physicochemical environments on monolithic devices. To illustrate this capacity, we developed temperature- and oxygen-sensitive colorimetric sensors, as well as an automated method for selective enrichment of DNA from a heterogeneous mixture. We anticipate that ATDA will be a useful new tool in the growing trend toward laboratory miniaturization

We report an ultra-rapid prototyping technique for forming microchannel networks for lab-on-a-chip applications, called masters on-demand. Channels are produced by replica molding on masters formed by laser printing on flexible copper printed circuit board (PCB) substrates. Masters of various designs and dimensions can be individually or mass produced in less than 10 minutes. Using this technique, we have fabricated channels as narrow as 100 lmwith heights ranging between 9 lm and 70 lm. Multi-depth channel fabrication is also reported, using a two-step printing process. The functionality of devices formed in this manner is verified by performing in-channel electrophoretic separations and culture and analysis of primary mammalian cells.