• Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) management is challenging due to high tendency of local invasion and metastasis. Cancer stem cells hold high significance as they have self-renewal ability, which further allows cancer progression and metastasis. Hence, it is crucial to evaluate different specialised markers for stem cells, such as CD44, to detect their role in tumour metastasis. Flow cytometry (FCM) offers a quick and automated assessment of ploidy status and cell proliferation of the neoplasm by resolving the nuclear DNA contents.
• Aim of the study: The objective of this paper is to evaluate the CD44 expression and analyse DNA content by FCM to predict the expansion of lymph node metastasis in patients with OSCC.
• Material and Methods: 50 paraffin-embedded tissues of metastatic and non-metastatic lymph node OSCC were immuno stained by CD44 for assessing cancer stem cell activity in each lesion. Furthermore, each selected tissue underwent flow cytometric analysis to demonstrate the DNA activity between the tested groups.
• Results: The CD44 expression in OSCCs showed a marked difference between the metastatic and non-metastatic lymph node cases. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis of the DNA parameters between the tested groups revealed a powerful difference of DNA ploidy. The S-phase fraction (SPF) between the groups showed no compelling result. All specimens had a higher CD44 expression, aneuploid DNA content and high SPF, which demonstrated deposits of cervical metastatic lymph nodes.
• Conclusions: The CD44 and the flow cytometric analysis of the DNA ploidy correlation offer a significant prediction to determine the OSCC competence.
   

• Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the critical global social health troubles. Lymph nodes metastasis of oral carcinomas have a significant prognosis impact. Authentic TNM staging of the neoplasms is essential to bear an assign board for disease control and prognostication. The model of grading histologically from only tissue biopsy has limitations. Abnormal DNA content has been correlated with malignant diseases. Flow cytometry can be a rapid method for quantitative test of DNA in solid tumors. Prediction the metastatic deposit in relation to the DNA flow cytometry inquiry is the point of importance.
• Aim of the study: This study was operated to matched between tumor DNA content to the clinical stages of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients; to better predict the tumor behavior and to guide treatment planning.
• Material and Method: A total of 40 fresh/frozen biopsies in different TNM clinical stages of oral cancer were divided into 2 groups. Group I; twenty lesions classified in stage I and stage II. Group II; twenty tumors classified as stage III and stage IV. All specimens utilized to DNA flow cytometric scanning in order to achieve the DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction.
• Results: The difference in aneuploidy state and S-phase fraction between Group I, and Group II was highly statistical significant in relation to their clinical stages on the basis of clinical information and biopsy results.
• Conclusions: DNA flow cytometric analysis of oral carcinomas excisions reported a significant predication to a late metastatic clinical stages of oral cancer lesions.
   

Stem cells constitute the source of differentiated cells for the generation of tissues during development, as well as for regeneration of tissues that are diseased or injured postnatally. The stem cell research has grown exponentially to improve the life of patients with conditions that span from Alzheimer’s disease, cardiac ischemia to bone or tooth loss. In dentistry, stem cell biology and tissue engineering are of great interest since they may provide an innovative for generation of clinical material and/or tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells were demonstrated in dental tissues, including dental pulp, periodontal ligament, dental papilla, and dental follicle. These stem cells can be isolated and grown under defined tissue culture conditions and are potential cells for use in tissue engineering including dental tissue, nerves and bone regeneration under appropriate conditions. This review was performed to study the concepts of stem cells and the most recent application of dental stem cells.
 

Microbiota variety is site specific depending on its location in the body and this diversity can get together with human health. At the last decades, inflammation is a primary protective response that sometimes goes away and becomes a main cofactor in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic human diseases, including malignant tumor. As well, microbes have the potency power to influence tumor growth and progression through a wide forms of routes; including alteration of tumor microenvironment, prolonged activation of inflammation, induction of genotoxic restraints and metabolism. In this review, we will set a general overview of inflammation has suspected to provide a major role in the pathogenesis and development of cancer as an important object for advanced cancer biology.
 

• INTRODUCTION: Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the malignant diseases that affect the oral cavity worldwide. One of the theories regarding oral carcinogenesis is that tumor growth is dependent on cancer stem cells. Markers specific for these cells as CD44 have been investigated in hope of developing a deeper understanding for their role in carcinogenesis. Genistein, as chemopreventive agent, has been shown to suppress the growth of several tumors. Oxaliplatin is a chemotherapeutic compound that did show a range of antitumor activity.
• OBJECTIVES: This research was carried out to study the effect of genistein, oxaliplatin either alone or in combination during experimentally DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis using CD44 antibody as a marker.
• MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 young Syrian hamsters distributed into groups as follows: 4 normal animals examined for the histology of the normal pouch mucosa and 96 animals divided into; group I, as a control group, in which pouches were painted with a heavy mineral oil only; group II were painted with DMBA mixed in a heavy mineral oil. These animals were randomly divided into 4 subgroups as following: group IIA only painted with DMBA; group IIB where genistein was orally administrated; group IIC were injected with oxaliplatin; and group IID in which both genistein and oxaliplatin were given.
• RESULTS: Both genistein and oxaliplatin provided a significant reduction in carcinogenesis process of DMBA induced oral squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, they provided a significant decrease in the proliferation and activity of cancer stem cells as measured by the CD44 antibody.
• CONCLUSIONS: Genistein provides a chemoprevention role and the oxaliplatin produces a chemotherapeutic effect during the process of carcinogenesis. The combined action of both agents was better than the effect of each agent alone.
   

• Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the DNA ploidy and S-Phase Fraction (SPF) of some Salivary Gland Tumors (SGTs) in Egyptian patients and to investigate the correlation between these two biological parameters and the presumptive behavior of these neoplasms.
• Methods: Flow cytometric analysis of DNA pliody and S-Phase Fraction (SPF) was done in 50 fresh tumor tissue sections of SGTs which diagnosed as 15 benign and 35 malignant tumors.
• Results: 93.3% of the benign SGTs tumors were diploid, while only 34% of malignant tumors were diploid and 66% were aneuploid. The malignant SGTs had higher SPF than the benign tumors but with no significant difference. There was no significant correlation of ploidy status or SPF with the tumor grades of mucoepidermoid carcinomas.
• Conclusion: DNA aneuploidy may be a key indicator for tumors activity and malignancy in SGTs, while the SPF has a minor role in the evaluation of SGTs activity.