Whey protein is a by-product derived from the production of cheese and it has many benefits for human health that what the recent research work has shown, so it is known as a functional food. It is known that there are salt whey and sweet whey depending on the process of making cheese. Whey protein is absorbed and digested rapidly. Whey protein contains a number of bioactive components including β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, serum albumin, immunoglobulin, and lactoferrin. These components have positive effects on health such as immune improving and antioxidant characteristic that reduce hypertension, cancer, hyperlipidemia, and virus contagious. The transformation of the amino acid cysteine to glutathione can partially these effects. In addition, whey protein can cure inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Moreover, whey protein is a rich source of branched chain amino acids, which are particularly good for athletes and sarcopenic cases. In this review, we conclude the characteristics of whey protein and the latest results related the effects of whey protein on specific conditions for human health.

Whey protein is a by-product derived from the production of cheese and it has many benefits for human health that what the recent research work has shown, so it is known as a functional food. It is known that there are salt whey and sweet whey depending on the process of making cheese. Whey protein is absorbed and digested rapidly. Whey protein contains a number of bioactive components including β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, serum albumin, immunoglobulin, and lactoferrin. These components have positive effects on health such as immune improving and antioxidant characteristic that reduce hypertension, cancer, hyperlipidemia, and virus contagious. The transformation of the amino acid cysteine to glutathione can partially these effects. In addition, whey protein can cure inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Moreover, whey protein is a rich source of branched chain amino acids, which are particularly good for athletes and sarcopenic cases. In this review, we conclude the characteristics of whey protein and the latest results related the effects of whey protein on specific conditions for human health.

In the last 2 decades, food packaging and packaging industry have received considerable attention from those who interested in manufacturing edible films and biodegradable packaging materials. The interest in whey proteins has increased because of their environmental benefits, availability in large quantities as residues, non-toxicity, low price, high nutritional values, and suitability for the packaging and protecting foods from damage. The purpose of this work is to highlight and review the importance of using edible films and coatings. This work also emphasizes the benefits of using edible films in the packaging industry. Finally, this work presents the most popular varieties of edible films, such as whey protein films and lipid films and their characteristics.

NULL

NULL

A lot of insecticides are found nowadays, but neonicotinoids are considered the most famous. So, a series of pyridine derivatives neonicotinoids analogues, namely, 3-cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridine-2(1H)-one (1), 2-chloro-3-cyano-4,6- dimethylpyridine (2), 3-cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridine-2(1H)-thione (3), 3-cyano-4,6- distyrylpyridine-2(1H)-thione (4), 2-((3-cyano-4,6-distyrylpyridin-2-yl)thio)-N-phenylacetamide (5), 3-amino-N-phenyl-4,6-distyrylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (6), 2-((3-cyano-4,6-distyrylpyridin-2-yl)thio)-N-(p-tolyl)acetamide (7), 3-amino-4,6-distyryl- N-(p-tolyl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (8), 2-((3-cyano-4,6-distyrylpyridin- 2-yl)thio)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetamide (9), and 3-amino-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6- distyrylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (10), have been designed and synthesized in pure state, and their agricultural bioefficacy as insecticides against cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch was screened. The structures of the synthesized compounds were verified by means of spectroscopic and elemental analyses. Insecticidal bioefficacy data illustrated that some compounds are excellent against cowpea aphid, and the bioefficacy of the rest of the tested compounds ranged from good to moderate against the same insects.

A lot of insecticides are found nowadays, but neonicotinoids are considered the most famous. So, a series of pyridine derivatives neonicotinoids analogues, namely, 3-cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridine-2(1H)-one (1), 2-chloro-3-cyano-4,6- dimethylpyridine (2), 3-cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridine-2(1H)-thione (3), 3-cyano-4,6- distyrylpyridine-2(1H)-thione (4), 2-((3-cyano-4,6-distyrylpyridin-2-yl)thio)-N-phenylacetamide (5), 3-amino-N-phenyl-4,6-distyrylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (6), 2-((3-cyano-4,6-distyrylpyridin-2-yl)thio)-N-(p-tolyl)acetamide (7), 3-amino-4,6-distyryl- N-(p-tolyl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (8), 2-((3-cyano-4,6-distyrylpyridin- 2-yl)thio)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetamide (9), and 3-amino-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6- distyrylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (10), have been designed and synthesized in pure state, and their agricultural bioefficacy as insecticides against cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch was screened. The structures of the synthesized compounds were verified by means of spectroscopic and elemental analyses. Insecticidal bioefficacy data illustrated that some compounds are excellent against cowpea aphid, and the bioefficacy of the rest of the tested compounds ranged from good to moderate against the same insects.

Nowadays, there is much legislation in the world devoted to restrict the use of synthetic antibiotics in the poultry industry, which could reduce performance rate and production profits. Various phyto-biotic growth promoters have been proposed to serve as antibiotic alternatives with emphasis on plant extracts and essential oils. This study was conducted to assess the impacts of using the oregano essential oil (OEO) (comprised of 5% thymol and 65% carvacrol) and Enviva essential oil (EEO) (4.5% cinnamaldehyde and 13.5% thymol) as phytobiotic feed additives (PFA) on growth performance, cecal microbiota and serum biochemicals of growing ducks. In total, 800 11-day-old ducklings, housed in 20 floor pens, were allotted randomly into five dietary treatments: ( i) A basal diet (BD) (control), ( ii.) BD +50 mg EEO/kg, ( iii.) BD +100 mg EEO/kg, ( iv.) BD +150 mg OEO/kg and (v.) BD +300 mg OEO/kg diet. The growth performance traits were studied between 11 and 42 days of age. At the experiment end, 40 ducks were slaughtered (eight/ treatment) and cecal digesta and blood samples were collected to estimate the cecal bacterial populations and serum blood biochemicals. The results indicated that the tested levels of OEO and EEO did not display any significant effect ( P>0.05) on the duck’s final BW, BW gain, growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio or survivability rate. Besides, the different levels of EEO and OEO decreased the cecal populations of Coliforms ( P0.01), total aerobes ( P0.01) and lactosenegative Enterobacteria ( P0.05) in comparison with those of the control group. Finally, the tested EEO and OEO levels did not show any significant effect on the serum variables; in terms of total protein, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. In conclusion, the antimicrobial effect of the OEO and EEO against the cecal microbiota has been proven, while they did not display significant effects on the growth performance or blood variables of growing ducks.

This study evaluated the optimal concentrations of dietary ME and CP for the productivity, reproductive performance, and fat deposition in laying duck breeders aged from 29 to 45 wk. Using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments, 648 Longyan laying duck breeders with similar BW were randomly assigned to experimental diets of 2,600 (HME = high ME), 2,500 (MME = medium ME), or 2,400 (LME = lowME) kcal of ME/kg, each containing 19% (HCP = high CP), 18% (MCP = medium CP), or 17% (LCP = low CP) CP. Each dietary treatment contained 6 replicates of 12 birds each. Compared with birds fed the LCP diet, the egg production and egg mass were higher in birds fed HCP and MCP (P 0.01), with better feed conversion (P 0.01). Interactions were detected between ME and CP levels in egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio as the LMEMCP diet was the best (P 0.05). The birds fed MME (P 0.05) had the lowest abdominal fat. The percentage of healthy ducklings was affected by maternal dietary CP (P 0.05) with the HCP being the highest. The weight of large yellow follicles/ovarian weight was higher in birds fed HCP and MCP (P 0.05), whereas the weight of small yellow follicles/ovarian weight was higher in birds fed HCP and LCP (P 0.05). The hepatic transcript abundances of genes for very low density apolipoprotein-II and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A (CPT-1A) were lowest in birds fed MCP, whereas the highest abundance of CPT-1A transcripts was found in birds fed MME. These results revealed that the diets containing ME of 12.9 kcal/g protein optimized both egg production and egg mass, while the feed conversion was optimized at 12.8 kcal ME/g protein. Using ME to CP ratio of 12.9 kcal/g protein, i.e., 2,451 kcal ME/kg at 19% CP, maximized the reproductive performance and hatchling outcome of Longyan laying duck breeders.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of spraying fertile eggs of Dandarawi chicken local strain with natural white vinegar solution (NWVS) on embryonic development, physiological parameters, hatchability, post-hatch chick growth and bacterial quantity on eggshell surface. Four hundred and fifty hatching eggs of Dandarawi chicken local strain were randomly distributed into five groups of 90 eggs each. Eggs of the 1st group were served as a control (non–treated eggs). The 2nd group was sprayed with water as a vehicle (positive control). Eggs of the 3rd, 4th and 5th groups were sprayed with three concentrations of vinegar: 1.25, 2.5 and 5%, respectively. Results showed that embryo weight, embryonic and shank lengths as well as, chick body weight, chick and shank lengths and hatchability tended to be Significantly higher (P0.05) in eggs treated with natural white vinegar solution when compared with control eggs. While albumen weight ratio, egg shell thickness, egg weight loss ratio at 18th day of development, embryonic mortality and hatch time were significantly (P0.05) decreased in eggs sprayed with natural white vinegar solution when compared with control eggs. Blood constituents: RBCs, Hb and PCV%, plasma total protein, albumin, total lipids, P, Ca and T4, GH hormones were significantly increased (p0.05), while plasma cholesterol and glucose were decreased. There was no effect on WBCs count compared to control. Internal organs of chicks at hatch and growth performance of chicks at 14th days of age recorded significant higher values and improved feed conversion in response to spraying with natural white vinegar solution but yolk residual of chicks at hatch was less than control group. The use of natural white vinegar solution had significant influence on TBC and T. StaPhly. C.on egg shell surface either at one week or after two weeks of incubation compared to control groups. These results indicated that spraying fertile eggs of chicken (pre-incubation) with natural white vinegar solution as natural disinfectants is a good way to improve embryonic development, blood constituents, hormones, hatchability and performance of chicks.